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SUBSCRIBER'S  EDITION 


This  copy  of  Ganinwari 's  "Chicago"  being 
No.  <6  &  y  of  a  limited  edition  consisting  of 
one  thousand  copies,  has  been  especially  prepared 


for  •; 


and  duly  certified  by  the  author. 


GANINWARI'S  CHICAGO 


CHE-CAU-GOU 

A  History  -  A  Romance 

In  the  Evolution  of  a  Great  City  from  the 

Garden  of  Eden  to  the  End  of 

The  Twentieth  Century 

By  Onkwe  Gaxinwari 

CHICAGO 


V 


1924 

THE  FAITHORN  COMPANY 

CHICAGO 


Copyright  by 

F.  R.  Chandler 

1924 


Printed  in  the  U.S.A.  by 

The  Faithorn  Company,  Chicago 


7.  r<- 


Dedicated  to 
THE  CHICAGO  HISTORICAL  SOCIETY 


F.  C. 


THE  AUTHOR'S  APOLOGY 

/TSHE  following  work  has  been  planned  after  the  style  of  Washing- 
■*-  ton  Irving's  Knickerbocker's  New  York  and  made  adaptable  to 
an  up-to-date  history  of  Chicago,  with  quite  a  touch  of  fancy  in  the 
past,  and  with  a  glowing  imagination  for  Chicago's  greatness  in  the 
future.  In  place  of  New  Amsterdam's  Wouter  VanTwiller,  Patroon 
Killian  Van  Rensellaer,  Peter  Stuyvesant,  et  al.  appear  names  of 
Indian  chiefs  and  warriors,  Tecumseh,  Black  Hawk,  Menominee, 
Pometacom  of  the  Wampanoags  and  Simon  Pokagon  of  the  Pottawa- 
tomi  and  Shabonee. 

This  history  and  romance  goes  back  in  prehistoric  times  to  the 
origin  of  man,  and  the  Garden  of  Eden,  and  follows  the  evolution- 
ary teachings  of  Darwin,  Huxley,  Haeckel  and  Romanes,  but  at  the 
same  time  shows  the  reconciliation  of  Theistic  religion  with  science. 

Belated  justice  is  meted  out  to  the  Indians  as  the  original  posses- 
sors of  the  land,  or  to  what  is  left  of  them,  who  have  attained  civili- 
zation and  education. 

I  shall  be  pleased  if  Ganinwari's  Chicago  shall  be  received  with 
indulgence  and  thumbed  and  chuckled  over  at  the  family  fireside. 

Frank  Chandler. 
July,  1924. 


CONTENTS 

Page 
The  Author's  Apology 9 

Account  of  the  Author 15 

Address  to  the  Public 17 

Part  I 
PREHISTORIC 

Chapter  I.  In  the  Beginning  God  Created  the  Heaven  and 
Earth. 

Chapter  II.  Some  Startling  Figures  on  the  Immensity  of  the 
Universe. 

Chapter  III.     Some  Ingenious  Theories  of  the  Earth's  Creation. 

Chapter  IV.  God  is  a  Spirit.  They  that  Worship  Him  must 
Worship  Him  in  Spirit  and  in  Truth. — John  iv:24. 

Chapter  V.        The  Garden  of  Eden. 

Chapter  VI.      Protoplasms,  Monera  and  Evolution. 

Chapter  VII.    The  Gorillas,  the  Chimpanzees,  and  the  Apes. 

Chapter  VIII.  The  Forging  of  the  Missing  Link  and  Emergence  of 
Adam  and  Eve. 

Chapter  IX.      Reconciliation  between  Religion  and  Science. 
Chapter  X.       Expulsion  from  Eden  and  Migration  of  the  Races. 

Part  II 
DISCOVERY  OF  AMERICA 

Chapter  I.  Columbus  lands  at  San  Salvador  and  trades 
Glass  Beads  for  Handfuls  of  Gold  with  the  Abo- 
rigines. 

Chapter  II.  Lo,  the  Poor  Indian. 

Chapter  III.  Magic  Power  in  the  Religions  of  the  Indians. 

Chapter  IV.  The  Last  of  the  Mohicans. 

Chapter  V.  Civilization,  Education  and  Citizenship. 


12  CHE-CAU-GOU 

Part  III 

THE  FOUNDING  OF  A  CITY  AND 
HER  MAGICAL  GROWTH 

Chapter  I.         The  Baby  is  Born  and  Che-cau-gou  is  her  Name. 

Chapter  II.       The  Windy  Trading  Post  becomes  a  Prairie  City 
and  changes  her  Cognomen  to  Chicago. 

Chapter  III.      The  Portage   becomes   a   Raging   Canal,  Kicks  its 
Traces  and  flows  backward. 

Chapter  IV.       Civil   War,   Panics,   Big   Fires,   Riots   and   Strikes 
Ruffle  her  Childhood. 

Chapter  V.         She  Emerges  from  the  Gloom,  and  with  "I   Will'* 
as  her  Slogan,  marches  ahead 

Chapter  VI.      Some  Famous  People  of  the  Town. 

Chapter  VII.     Thrift  is  Penciled  in  the  Scenario  "Hetty  Green. " 

Chapter  VIII.  Some  Social  Events  of  the  Early  Days  well  dressed 

up  by  the  Society  Editor. 
Chapter  IX.      Some  Glorification  of  Deeds  well  done. 

Part  IV 

ANNO  DOMINI  2000 
CONTRASTS  AND  PREDICTIONS 

Chapter  I.         The  Story  of  the  Quarter  Acre. 

Chapter  II.        Some  Modest  Expectations  as  to  Euture  Expansion. 

Chapter  III.      The  Ten  Million  Club. 

Chapter  IV.      The    Sauganash  Tavern    and    the    Grand  Palmer 

Caravansary. 
Chapter  V.        The    Saloon   Building   and   the   Illinois  Merchants 

Banks. 
Chapter  VI.      The  Wigwam,  and  the  Jackson  Park  Art  Palace  and 

Convention  Hall. 
Chapter  VII.    The  "Little  Red  Schoolhouse"  and  the  Chicago  High 

School  of  1856. 
Chapter  VIII.  The    First     Courthouse,    and     the    Cook    County 

Building. 
Chapter  IX.      Transportation,  Double-Decked  Sidewalks,  Aviation 

and  Radioaction. 
Chapter  X.        A  Greater  Chicago. 


LIST  OF  ILLUSTRATIONS 

Part  I  Page 

Frontispiece 4 

Frank  Chandler 8 

A  Sachem  of  the  Pottawatomi 16 

Adam  and  Eve  in  the  Garden  of  Eden 26 

Troglodytes  Gorilla 29 

A  Prehistoric  Convention  of  Simians 32 

Grand  Kleagle 33 

Map  of  Migrations 40 

Part  II 

Christopher  Columbus 46 

Little  White  Cloud 50 

Wau-kee-nah 52 

Part  III 

William  Butler  Ogden 78 

"Long  John"  Wentworth 80 

Carter  Henry  Harrison 81 

James  Hamilton  Lewis 83 

Harry  Gordon  Selfridge 85 

Jonathan  Young  Scammon 91 

Part  IV 

Capt.  George  Wellington  Streeter 117 

The  Sauganash  Tavern,  1826    123 

The  Grand  Palmer  Caravansary 124 

The  Future  Hundred-Story  Press  Tower 125 

The  Saloon  Building 126 

Illinois  Merchants  Bank  Building 127 

The  Republican  Wigwam  1 860 128 

Art  Palace  and  Jackson  Park  Convention  Hall 129 

The  "Little  Red  School  House,"  1833 131 

The  Chicago  High  School,  1856 131 

The  First  Courthouse,  1835    132 

Cook  County  Building,  1907 133 

The  Future  Grand  Municipal  Building 134 

Some  Present  Types  of  Modern  Evolution 136 


ACCOUNT  OF  THE  AUTHOR 

TN  the  early  Spring  of  1923,  while  on  duty  as  an  Indian  Agent  for 
■*-  the  United  States  Government  at  a  reservation  in  the  Indian 
Territory,  which  was  formerly  Western  Kansas,  I  ran  across  an 
Indian  Sachem  of  the  Pottawatomies,  Onkwe  Ganinwari.  He  was 
born  on  the  reservation,  and  was  educated  at  the  Indian  school  at 
Phoenix,  Arizona,  and  graduated  with  considerable  distinction, 
having  become  well  versed  in  the  English  language,  acting  often  as 
an  interpreter  among  his  fellow  tribesmen.  His  grandfather  was  a 
chief  of  the  warlike  Pottawatomi  who  came  down  from  the  north 
with  other  tribes  in  canoes  and  battled  successfully  with  the  Miami 
and  the  Illinois  at  Che-cau-gou.  His  father  was  likewise  a  Sachem, 
and  went  with  the  rest  of  the  Pottawatomi  on  to  the  reservation 
when  in  1832  they  signed  the  Treaty  of  Greenville. 

Ganinwari,  a  short  time  before  I  last  met  him,  had  been  in  Chicago, 
and  for  several  months  had  been  occupied  in  writing  up  a  history  full 
of  facts,  romance  and  prophecy,  he  contemplated  publishing  at  an 
early  date.  But  before  doing  so  he  died  at  a  ripe  old  age  at  the 
reservation,  leaving  his  well-prepared  manuscript  for  me  to  edit, 
which  I  very  cheerfully  have  done. 

William  Tecumseh  Smith. 


A  Sachem  of  the  Pottawatom! 


ADDRESS  TO  THE  PUBLIC 

r  I  sO  rescue  from  oblivion  the  memory  of  former  incidents,  and  to 
-*■  render  a  just  tribute  of  renown  to  the  many  great  and  wonderful 
transactions  among  the  Aborigines  of  North  America  and  among 
the  valiant  pioneers  of  early  Chicago,  Onkwe  Ganinwari,  Sachem  of 
the  Pottawatomi,  produces  this  historical  essay.  Like  the  great 
Father  of  History,  Herodotus,  whose  words  I  have  just  quoted,  I 
treat  of  times  long  past,  over  which  the  twilight  of  uncertainty  had 
already  thrown  its  shadows  and  the  night  of  forgetfulness  was  about 
to  descend  forever. 

I  lament  the  great  injustice  of  the  white  men  done  in  the  past  to 
my  brave  brothers,  and  appreciate  the  efforts  made  and  continuing 
by  the  Great  Father  to  right  the  many  wrongs  hitherto  inflicted. 


PART  I 

PREHISTORIC 


CHAPTER  I 

IN    THE    BEGINNING    GOD    CREATED 
THE    HEAVEN    AND    EARTH 

TIT'ESKE  Kutchiffik  Kigi-Manito  agum  Kefuk  ohke.  Ohke  mo 
**  matta  Kukenauineunkquittinno  Monteagwuninno;  pokennum 
wos  Keche  moonoe:  Nafhauanet  popomfhau  woskeche  nippekontu. 
Translation:  In  the  beginning  God  created  the  heaven  and  earth. 
Genesis  1:1 .  And  the  earth  was  without  form  and  void,  and  dark- 
ness was  upon  the  face  of  the  deep.  And  the  Spirit  of  God  moved 
upon  the  face  of  the  waters.  Genesis  1:2. 

In  early  years  noted  astronomers  gave  much  study  and  gained 
much  knowledge  of  the  heavenly  bodies,  although  their  distance 
from  us  was  very  great,  that  of  the  moon  being  nearest — some 
238,818  miles.  Scientists,  however,  had  better  facilities  of  observation 
in  regard  to  the  Earth.  They  dug  deep  holes  into  copper  mines,  and 
ran  long  tunnels  and  shafts  deep  into  mountains  seeking  gold,  silver 
and  coal,  and  examined  the  strata  of  rock,  and  from  their  formation 
gained  proof  that  Moses  must  have  made  some  serious  mistakes  if 
he  wrote  down  that  the  world  was  created  in  six  days!  It,  however, 
was  attributed  as  an  error  in  the  translation  of  the  Bible  from  the 
Hebrew,  and  that  those  days  should  be  interpreted  as  eons,  or 
epochs,  and  with  such  interpretation  Science  would  not  be  in  conflict 
with  Theism. 

Other  errors  in  translation  are  also  noted.  According  to  the  Bible, 
the  grass  and  trees  were  first  created,  and  that  was  the  end  of  the 
third  day,  and  then  the  Sun  and  Moon  were  created  and  that  was 
the  end  of  the  fourth  day.  Now,  under  natural  laws,  the  Sun  would 
have  been  created  first,  and  caused  the  grass  to  grow.  Assuming  that 
the  well-known  theories  of  evolution  are  correct,  God  did  not  do 
miracles,  and  wave  a  fairy  wand  at  any  period,  nor  create  animal  or 
vegetable  life  by  directing  from  inorganic  substances  spontaneous 
combustion. 


CHAPTER  II 

SOME    STARTLING     FIGURES    ON    THE 
IMMENSITY    OF    THE     UNIVERSE 

yy<  HARLOW  SHAPLEY,  of  Harvard  University,  estimates 
*^  that  the  group  of  all  the  stars  which  we  can  see  through  the 
telescope,  and  which  the  astronomers  call  the  galaxy,  is  about  three 
hundred  thousand  light  years  from  side  to  side.  This  means  one 
quintillion  seven  hundred  sixty-four  quadrillion  (1,764,000,000,000- 
000,000)  miles.  It  is  possible  that  some  of  the  nebulae  are  outside  of 
this  and  therefore  even  very  much  farther  away.  The  nearest  star  is 
1 ,29 3,572,675,000,000,000  miles  distant  from  the  earth. 

Allowing  one  million  miles  for  possible  errors  in  these  calculations, 
and  very  materially  extending  the  possible  infinity  of  the  nebulae,  I 
estimate  (according  to  the  most  optimistic  theorems,  problems  and 
formulae  of  trigonometry,  including  sines,  tangents, secants,  cosines, 
and  cosecants)  that  the  whole  group  of  stars  and  nebulae,  as  extend- 
ing from  length  to  length,  is  a  distance  of  one  decillion,  nine  hundred 
and  ninety-nine  nonillion,  nine  hundred  and  ninety-nine  octillion, 
nine  hundred  and  ninety-nine  septillion,  nine  hundred  and  ninety- 
nine  sextillion,ninehundredand  ninety-nine  quintillion,  nine  hundred 
and  ninety-nine  quadrillion,  nine  hundred  and  ninety-nine  trillion, 
nine  hundred  and  ninety-nine  billion,  nine  hundred  and  ninety- 
nine  million  ( 1,999,999,999,999,999,999,999,999,999,000,000!  )  miles. 

The  most  distant  fixed  stars  are  so  far  off  that  light  traveling 
186,326  miles  per  second,  takes  to  come  to  us,  220,000  years! 

The  Earth  moves  around  the  Sun  each  day,  one  million  six  hun- 
dred thousand  miles,  or  eighteen  and  a  half  miles  per  second,  but  no 
speeding  allowed. 

The  star  Antares,  in  the  Constellation  of  the  Scorpion,  is  be- 
lieved to  have  a  diameter  of  400,000,000  miles. 

At  any  one  time  can  be  seen  two  to  three  thousand  stars;  from  all 
over  the  earth,  about  six  thousand  are  visible;  the  total  number  of 
stars  known  is  about  2,000,000,000! 

This  is  some  conception  of  the  magnitude  of  the  Cosmos. 


CHAPTER  III 

SOME    INGENIOUS    THEORIES    OF    THE    EARTH'S    CREATION 

SOME  astronomers  hold  that  eight  or  ten  billion  years  ago,  our 
Sun  and  another  star  had  a  collision  and  this  forced  the  Sun  to 
throw  off  masses  of  matter  which  later  became  the  Earth  and  the 
accompanying  planets,  and  that  was  how  the  Earth  was  born. 

The  nebular  theory  is  that  the  Earth,  Sun  and  all  the  rest  of  the 
bodies  of  the  Solar  System  were  produced  by  the  condensation  of  a 
great  gaseous  nebulae. 

The  Mohawk  philosophers  tell  us  that  a  pregnant  woman  fell 
down  from  heaven  and  that  a  tortoise  took  her  upon  its  back, 
because  every  place  was  covered  with  water;  and  that  the  woman 
sitting  upon  the  tortoise,  paddled  with  her  hands  in  the  water,  and 
raked  up  the  earth,  whence  it  finally  happened  that  the  earth  became 
higher  than  the  water.* 

Thus  it  is  recorded  by  the  Brahmins  in  the  pages  of  their  inspired 
Shastah,  that  the  angel  Bistnoo  transformed  himself  into  a  great 
boar,  plunged  into  the  watery  abyss  and  brought  up  the  Earth  on 
his  tusks.  Then  issued  from  him  a  mighty  tortoise,  and  a  mighty 
snake;  and  Bistnoo  placed  the  snake  erect  upon  the  back  of  the 
tortoise  and  he  placed  the  Earth  upon  the  head  of  the  snake. | 


*Johannis  Megapolensis.  In  an  account  of  Maquaas  or  Mohawk  Indians. 
fHohvell  Gent. .Philosophy. 


CHAPTER  IV 

GOD   IS   A    SPIRIT,   AND   THEY  THAT   WORSHIP   HIM   MUST   WORSHIP    HIM 
IN    SPIRIT    AND    TRUTH John    iv:2^ 

I 

A  S  God,  the  Father,  is  the  Great  Spirit,  the  Creator,  Jehovah,  the 
-*  *■  Lord  Almighty,  the  Supreme  Being,  the  Omnipotent,  the  Ever- 
lasting, the  Infinite,  the  Eternal,  the  Maker,  the  Preserver,  the 
Author  of  All  Things,  the  Omniscient,  the  Omnipresent,  the  God  of 
Infinite  and  Universal  Love,  the  Deity,  the  All  Powerful,  and  the 
Great  First  Cause,  one  need  not  now  consider  the  method  of  crea- 
tion, which  millions  of  years  required  for  the  formation  of  the  Uni- 
verse; but  rest  content  with  the  sayings  of  the  Mosaic  age,  as  in- 
terpreted in  the  light  of  Science:  that  God  created  the  Heaven  and 
Earth. 

II 

In  front  of  the  Art  Museum,  in  Boston,  is  a  bronze  statue  of 
extreme  beauty  and  suggestiveness.  It  is  the  figure  of  an  Indian 
seated  upon  his  pony,  stretching  out  hands  in  prayer  and  adoration 
to  the  Great  Spirit.  Three  orders  of  being  are  represented  by  the 
sculptor.  There  is  the  solid  Earth,  inanimate,  insensate.  Upon  it 
stands  the  pony  belonging  to  a  higher  grade  of  existence.  Made  of 
the  dust  of  the  ground,  in  him  is  life.  He  can  adjust  himself  to  a 
physical  environment.  Yet  the  beauty  of  the  sunset  means  nothing 
to  him,  nor  do  the  glory  of  ideas  disturb  his  contentment.  The 
Indian  is  formed  of  the  dust  of  the  Earth,  and  of  living  cells  like  the 
animal;  but  a  spark  disturbs  his  clod.  In  his  breast  there  is  the  push 
of  an  impulse  to  which  the  pony  is  an  utter  stranger.  He  has  yearnings 
and  aspirations  which  reach  above  himself.  He  is  aware  of  a  relation- 
ship with  a  Power  above,  whom  he  conceives  as  a  Great  Spirit,  not 
unlike  himself — stronger,  wiser,  eternal — to  whom  his  heart  goes  out 
in  emotions  of  awe,  reverence,  adoration.  In  the  dark  breast  of  this 
primitive  man  there  is  a  sense — imperfect,  indeed,  but  real — of  an 
order  of  values  and  forces  which  is  lifted  as  far  above  the  animal 
upon  which  he  is  astride  as  the  animal  is  elevated  in  the  scale  of 
being  above  the  Earth. 

The  impulse  which  leads  the  savage  to  pray  and  to  worship  a 
Spirit  akin  to  himself  is  part  of  the'  furniture  of  human  nature.  It  has 
manifested  itself  in  every  age  and  in  every  race.  "You  may  find,"  says 
Plutarch,  "communities  without  walls;  without  letters;  without 
kings;  without  money;  with  no  courage;  without  acquaintance  with 


CHE-CAU-GOU  [25 

theatres  or  gymnasia;  but  a  community  without  holy  rites,  without 
a  God,  that  uses  not  prayer;  without  sacrifice  to  win  good  or  to  avert 
evil — no  man  ever  saw  or  will  see."  Religion  begins  in  the  response 
of  man  to  what  he  conceives  to  be  a  supernatural  Power  or  Powers, 
the  response  leads  to  an  attitude,  and  the  attitude  results  in  expe- 
riences which  involve  the  whole  man,  his  thoughts,  his  emotions,  his 
activities.  This  religious  impulse  may  be  very  feeble  in  some  men,  for 
we  differ  in  our  endowments.  Some  are  blind  to  color,  and  others  are 
deaf  to  music,  and  yet  the  religious  response  is  seldom  lacking  in  a 
human  bosom.  The  Great  Mvstery  surrounds  us  all  and  all  have 
some  sense  of  it. 


CHAPTER  V 

AND  THE    LORD  GOD   PLANTED  A   GARDEN    EASTWARD  IN 

eden. — Genesis  1:8. 

SOME  ten  thousand  years  before  the  Christian  Era,  Adam  and 
Eve  left  their  native  home,  and  in  the  buoyancy  of  youth  departed 
on  their  honeymoon  to  the  eastward  and  settled  down  in  the  beauti- 
ful Garden  of  Eden,  between  the  headwaters  of  the  Tigris  and 
Euphrates,  in  what  is  now  known  as  the  Vilayet  of  Diarbekr,  a 
fertile  valley  between  the  mountain  ranges  of  Bingol  Dagh,  the 
Indi  Dagh  and  the  Garuz  Dagh,  in  the  distant  shadows  of  Mount 
Ararat,  the  central  point  in  the  dividing  line  of  Armenia,  and  the 
great  landmark  between  Russia,  Persia  and  Turkey. 

To  them  it  was  the  happy  hunting  grounds  of  a  golden  period 
in  their  lives. 

They  lived  on  the  herbs,  the  wild  fruits,  and  the  small  game  of 
the  Garden.  They  drank  from  the  cool  springs,  and  they  listened 
with  joy  to  the  warbling  birds  among  the  blossoming  boughs.  The 
tiny  wild  flowers  opened  their  petals  and  lingered  on  the  turf,  whose 
grassy  ledges  gently  overhung  the  placid  lakelet.  The  rushing, 
rippling  brooks,  the  dashing  waterfalls,  the  limpid  pools,  the  cool 
retreats  in  the  dense  woods,  added  to  the  charm. 

Quickly  alive  to  the  fascination  of  the  scenery,  they  entered,  by 
degrees  into  the  external  beauties  which  every  turn  opened  to  their 
view,  and  the  silvery  smoothness  of  the  rivers  Pison  and  Gihon,  that 
made  the  constant  attraction  of  the  landscape,  the  serenity  of  the 
time,  and  the  clearness  of  the  heavens,  assisted  by  these  spells 
which  nature  ever  exercises  over  her  votaries,  tended  to  tranquilize 
their  minds,  that  like  the  sunflower  so  instinctively  turns  from  the 
shadow  to  the  light. 


Adam  and  Eve  in  the  Garden  of  Eden 


CHAPTER  VI 


PHE  Universe  is  governed  by  natural  laws,  that  is  by  the  laws  of 

*■  God, the  Supreme  Being,  the  Great  Spirit,  Kiyi-Manito.  Electricity 

is  one  of  His  most  mysterious  agents.  Today  trillions  and  trillions  of 

electrons  permeate  the  air  and  in  these  modern  times  recite  their 

story  through  the  broadcasting  of  radiograms. 

As  the  learned  Professor  Haeckel  says,  "We  regard  it  as  a  fact  of 
the  greatest  interest  that  the  human  child,  like  that  of  every  other 
animal,  is,  on  its  first  stage  of  its  individual  existence,  a  non- 
nucleated  ball  of  protoplasm,  a  true  cytode,  a  homogeneous  struc- 
tureless body  without  different  constituent  parts.  For  on  this  cmonerula 
form',  the  structure  of  the  animal  and  thus  of  the  human  organism, 
is  of  the  simplest  conceivable  nature. 

"The  simplest  known  organisms  and  at  the  same  time  the  simplest 
conceivable  organisms  are  the  'monera,'  most  of  which  are  minute 
microscopic  and  formless  bodies,  consisting  of  a  homogeneous  sub- 
stance of  an  albuminous  or  mucous  soft  mass,  and  which,  though 
they  are  not  composed  of  diverse  organs,  are  yet  endowed  with  all 
the  vital  qualities  of  an  organism.  They  move,  feel  and  reproduce 
themselves  by  division.  These  monera  are  of  great  importance, 
owing  to  the  fact  that  they  afford  the  surest  starting  point  for  the 
theory  of  the  origin  of  life  on  our  Earth.  The  human  organism,  like 
that  of  the  higher  animals,  exists  for  a  short  time  in  this  simplest 
conceivable  form  and  its  individual  evolution  commences  from  this 
simplest  form.  The  entire  human  child,  with  all  its  great  future 
possibilities,  is  in  this  stage  only  a  small  simple  ball  of  primitive 
slime  (protoplasm)." 

The  origin  of  life  is  in  this  protoplasm  and  comes  from  the  single 
cell,  the  moneron,  and  the  first  breath  came  from  the  Great  Spirit, 
God  the  Infinite. 


CHAPTER  VII 

THE    GORILLAS,    THE    CHIMPANZEES    AND    THE    APES 

TX  the  heart  of  Africa,  under  the  equator,  on  the  banks  of  Lake 
■■■  Tanganyika,  near  the  source  of  the  Nile,  and  under  the  shadows 
of  the  lofty  Mountains  of  the  Moon,  Kenia  and  Kiliamjaro,  more 
than  20,000  feet  above  sea  level,  a  tiny  moneron,  ages  and  ages  ago, 
was  washed  ashore  by  the  gentle  south  wind  and  landed  in  the  first 
cradle  of  the  Monkey  Kingdom.  It  became  an  amoeba,  divided, 
reproduced  and  in  course  of  time  multiplied  and  became  the  large 
family  Simiadae  in  the  order  of  Quadrumana.  Their  food  consists  of 
vegetables  and  insects.  Their  habits  are  arboreal  and  their  habitat 
the  forests  of  tropical  Africa,  Asia  and  America. 

The  Chimpanzee  (Troglodytes  niger)and  the  Gorilla  (Troglodytes 
gorilla)  are  the  nearest  allied  to  man. 

The  Mandrill  (Cynocephalus  maimon)  is  known  as  red  nosed 
baboon  (Mandrilla). 

The  Gibbon  (Hylobates  lar)  is  common  to  the  Apes  (Anthro- 
poidae). 

There  are  Old  World  narrow  nosed  monkeys  (Cynopethecidae) 
and  Xew  World  broad  nosed  (Cebidee  and  Medidee). 

The  Diana  monkeys  (Cercopethicus  diana)  are  closely  allied  to 

man. 

The  Lemur  rebur  is  much  like  the  red  fox,  and  nocturnal. 

The  Marmoset  is  a  South  American  monkey  (genus  mycates). 

The  Orangutan  (Simia  satyrus)  is  an  anthropoid  ape. 

The  Pithecus  Antuiquus  is  nearer  to  man  than  the  Chimpanzee. 

The  Howling  Monkeys  have  voices  resonant  and  loud  and  make  a 
frightful  noise  at  night.  Monkeys  are  like  men;  some  are  ferocious, 
some  are  kind.  They  have  the  same  number  of  teeth,  viz.,  32.  Some 
are  long  tailed  and  some  are  long  armed  and  all  with  prehensile  tails. 
The  color  scheme  is  variegated:  Some  are  green  and  some  are  blue; 
some  are  reddish  brown  and  some  are  olive  gray;  some  are  shining 
black  with  tails  pure  white;  some  have  dirty  white  cheeks  and  some 
yellowish  white;  many  with  spots  of  white,  of  olive  green  shading 
into  white;  chins  of  white  and  bands  of  white  over  the  eyes,  showing 
a  preference  for  white  effects,  forecasting  the  trend  of  monkey 
eugenics  toward  the  final  divergence  to  Adam  and  Eve. 


C  H  E-C  A  U  -(.  o  r 


[  ^9 


Troglodytes  Gorilla 


3<D  ]  CHE-CAU-GOU 

The  evolution  of  monkey  to  man  has  for  centuries  been  of  pro- 
found study  and  investigation  of  philosophers  and  scientists. 
Discoveries  of  comparatively  recent  times  have  thrown  much  light 
on  the  period  of  the  emergence  of  man  from  the  anthropoid  ape. 
Man  belongs  to  the  primitive  stock,  which  sprang  from  a  common 
Insectivore  one,  the  one  order  diverging  towards  flesh  eating  and 
hunting  on  the  ground,  the  other  diverging  towards  fruit  eating  and 
arboreal  habits.  The  main  stem  of  the  Primates  diverged  and  gave 
off  the  small  anthropoid  Gibbon. 


CHAPTER  VIII 


ADAM    AND    EVE 


IT'TND  reader,  I  am  now  approaching  a  subject  of  immense  import 
***  on  the  time  immemorial  when  man  was  not  known,  but  the  Dino- 
saurs, the  Stegosaurus,  the  Diplodocus,  the  Ticeratops,  the  Proto- 
ceratops,  and  all  the  animals,  the  serpents,  the  fishes,  the  birds,  and 
especially  the  vast  monkey  tribes,  the  Simiadae, inhabited  the  earth. 

"Behold  the  mighty  Dinosaur, 
Famous  in  prehistoric  lore 
Not  only  for  his  weight  and  length 
But  for  his  intellectual  strength. 
You  will  observe  by  these  remains 
The  creature  had  two  sets  of  brains, 
One  in  his  head  (the  usual  place), 
The  other  at  his  spinal  base. 
Thus,  he  could  reason  a  priori 
As  well  as  a  posteriori. 
No  problem  bothered  him  a  bit, 
He  made  both  head  and  tail  of  it. 
So  wise  he  was,  so  wise  and  solemn, 
Each  thought  rilled  just  a  spinal  column. 
If  one  brain  found  the  pressure  strong 
It  passed  a  few  ideas  along. 
If  something  slipped  his  forward  mind 
'Twas  rescued  by  the  one  behind. 
And  if  in  error  he  was  caught, 
He  had  a  saving  afterthought. 
As  he  thought  twice  before  he  spoke, 
He  had  no  judgment  to  revoke. 
For  he  could  think  without  congestion 
Upon  both  sides  of  every  question. 
O!  Gaze  upon  this  model  beast, 
Defunct  ten  thousand  years,  at  least. 

B.  L.  T." 

The  various  species  of  the  animal  kingdom  have  their  language  and 
their  signals  and  communications  of  ideas  are  evidently  understood 


3^ 


CHE-CAC-COt 


CHE-CAU-GOU 


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34  J  CHE-CAU-GOU 

by  each  group;  for  example,  the  bees  buzz,  the  snakes  hiss  and  rattle, 
the  hogs  grunt,  the  pigs  squeal,  the  asses  bray  and  the  monkeys 
chatter  and  gibber.  The  Simians  have  a  language  of  their  own,  some 
with  loud  and  resounding  voices,  some  are  intrepid  fighters,  both 
male  and  female,  some  gentle  and  pale  faced,  living  near  the  top  of 
snow-capped  mountains,  others  dark  and  dusky  under  the  equator. 
As  you  have  seen  hitherto  they  were  evolved  from  the  minute 
protoplasm  of  the  seas  up  to  the  robust  condition  as  now  seen  in 
Africa.  The  light  colored  apes  of  the  Mountains  of  the  Moon  have 
mingled  with  the  ferocious  baboons  of  the  equator  and  after  many 
centuries  of  such  mingling  during  their  slow  migrations  across  the 
Nile  and  up  the  shores  of  the  Mediterranean  had  advanced  east- 
ward to  the  country  of  Eden. 

In  absence  of  authentic  history  of  these  remote  ages  I  have  to 
rely  largely  upon  the  realms  of  imagination  for  the  account  of  the 
forging  of  the  Missing  Link.  Imagine,  if  you  please,  a  large  section  of 
Africa,  protected  by  high  mountains,  by  great  oceans,  and  vast 
deserts,  centuries  ago,  and  in  undisputed  possession  of  these  Simian 
tribes,  a  vast  federation  of  chattering  and  gibbering  monkeys  form- 
ing an  Amalgamated  Society,  and  calling  together  a  representative 
convention  to  meet  on  the  tops  of  lofty  trees  of  the  forests  of  Victoria 
Nyanza,  the  heaviest  baboon  presiding  as  chief  and  the  smallest 
gibbon  acting  as  the  nimble  sachem  of  the  assembly,  and  agreeing, 
after  much  noise,  chattering  and  gibbering  (but  without  gun  toting) 
on  the  laws  of  eugenics  for  the  betterment  of  the  Simian  race. 

After  many  centuries  of  experimentation  the  final  emergence 
from  successive  stems  resulted  in  the  triumph  of  the  evolution  of 
the  Ayran  race  as  pale  faces,  and  such  was  the  final  outcome  of  the 
origin  of  man  and  shown  in  the  birth  of  Adam  and  Eve. 

Later  intelligence  has  come  from  Colon,  Panama,  as  recent  as 
June  27,  1924,  that  the  Marsh  Expedition  had  arrived  from  the 
upper  headwaters  of  the  Chucunague  River  with  three  "White" 
Indians,  apparently  of  Paleolithic  type,  whom  Prof.  Marsh  says 
differs  from  the  Albino  type  so  familiar  to  Isthmians. 

There  is  much  evidence  concerning  the  forging  of  the  Missing 
Link  divulged  in  the  Strata  of  the  early  and  later  Pliocene  rocks, 
as  well  as  of  the  Miocene,  the  Oligocene,  the  Eocene,  the  Inter- 
Glacial,  and  other  periods.  These  intermediate  steps  between  mon- 
key and  man  are  shown  in  the  discoveries  of  skulls,  parts  of  bones, 
teeth  and  fossils,  as  are  here  tabulated,  enumerated  and  designated 
in  the  successive  lines  of  divergence  from  the  Anthropoid  apes  or 
highest  primates. 

From  Moneron  to  Man  the  whole  period  is  assumed  as  two  mil- 
lion years  and  each  theoretical  period  is  designated  as  a  Dynasty. 


CHE-CAU-GOU 


35 


ist  Dynasty. 

B.  C.  2,000,000  for  a 
million  five  hundred 
years. 


2nd  Dynasty 

B.    C.    500,000    for    a 

hundred  thousand 

years 


A.  Dryopihecus 

Found  in  the  Siwalik  hills,  India. 

B.  Homenidae 

Tertiary  formation  of  the  Upper 
Pliocene,  Miocene,  Oligocene  and 
Eocene. 

Pithecanthopus  Erectus 

Found  in  Java,   1891,  in  the  Quar- 
ternary  Upper  Pliocene. 


3rd  Dynasty 

B.C.  400,000  for  three 
hundred  seventy 
thousand  vears. 


A.  Paloeanthropus  Heidelbergensis 

The  Heidelberg  Man  in  Lower  Pleis- 
ocene  or  First  Interglacial. 

B.  Homo  Neanderthalansis 

The  Neanderthal  Man  in  the  valley 
of  the  Dussel  Tributary  of  the 
Rhine.  Also  found  in  France, 
Belgium,  Holland,  Germany, 
Austria  and  Australia,  Shetland 
and  Iceland. 

C.  Eoanthropus  Dawsoni 

The  Piltdown  Man  is  Sussex. 

D.  The  Rhodesian  Man 


4th  Dynasty 
B.C.  30,000  for  twenty 
thousand  years 


Cro  Magnon  Gremaldi  type  Homo  Sapiens. 
In    Upper    Palaeolthic    and    Post 
Glacial,     found    in    Wales    and 
France. 


5th  Dynasty 
B.  C.  10,000  sti! 
running 


Homo   The   Aryan   Race    (Sanscrit   Arya 
noble)  Adam  and  Eve 
In    Garden   of  Eden. 


There  is  one  fact  indisputable — man  did  emerge,  and,  notwith- 
standing wars,  famine  and  pestilence,  seventeen  hundred  million 
(1,700,000,000)  people  still  live  on  this  mundane  sphere.  And  the 
original  start  was  from  one  tiny  moneron  cell. 


CHAPTER  IX 

RECONCILIATION    OF    RELIGION    WITH    SCIENCE 

THE  great  philosophers  of  evolutionary  science,  Darwin,  Huxley 
and  Haeckel,  have  fully  demonstrated  the  correctness  of  the 
fundamental  theories  of  organic  evolution,  and  Herbert  Spencer, 
acknowledged  to  be  the  fairest  and  most  unprejudiced  of  all  the  great 
constellations  of  intellectual  stars,  whose  coruscations  have,  as  never 
before,  illuminated  the  path  of  scientific  progress,  has  made  chari- 
table efforts  to  harmonize  religion  and  science  with  his  "First 
Principles,"  his  "Great  Unknowables,"  his  numerous  "Unthink- 
ables,"  and  his  Petitio  Principii,  and,  in  further  elucidation,  I  add 
the  authority  of  Thomas  Jay  Hudson,  LL.  D.*  that  both  Ontogeny 
and  Phylogeny  begin  with  the  undifferentiated  cell  of  protoplasm, 
and  in  both  cases  that  cell  culminates  in  Man,  and  that  the  facts  of 
organic  and  mental  Evolution  point  clearly  to  a  divine  origin  of 
mind  and  life  on  this  world. 

The  moneron  is  endowed  with  the  creative  energy  Omnipotence 
and  there  is  a  logical  necessity  of  a  mind  antecedent  to  the  moneron. 

The  theory  of  the  Theistic  evolutionment  is  that  evolution  is 
God's  method  of  creation;  that  life  and  mind  had  their  origin  in  an 
antecedent  divine  mind,  an  omnipresent  mind  energy,  omnipotent 
and  omniscient;  that  this  divine  intelligent  energy  operates,  not  in 
contravention  of  law,  not  by  miraculous  interventions,  not  by  special 
creations,  but  in  pursuance  of  its  own  immutable  laws,  instituted 
from  the  beginning,  and  that  consequently  the  first  mind-energy 
that  appeared  on  the  earth  was  an  emanation  in  the  natural  order 
of  events,  from  the  Divine  Intelligence. 

Within  the  last  year  or  two  the  revival  of  the  age-old  warfare 
between  science  and  religion,  the  development  of  the  evolutionary 
idea  as  the  only  logical  explanation  of  the  phenomena  of  life,  and  its 
reconciliation  with  Theism,  are  very  aptly  expressed  in  a  lecture  by 
Richard  S.  Lull,  Professor  of  Vertebrate  Paleontology,  Yale  Uni- 
versity, Director  Peabody  Museum,  Author  and  Editor  of  the 
"Evolution  of  the  Earth  and  Its  Inhabitants."  The  question  of 
origins  has  been  before  the  minds  of  men  for  thousands  of  years,  and 
stories  of  creation  appear  in  the  sacred  writings  of  many  people, 
each  one  builded  up  of  fragments  from  those  which  have  gone 
before.  Thus,  from  the  Hebrew  scripture  comes  what  has  been 
taught  to  many  of  us  as  the  verbally  inspired  story,  told  with 
beautiful  simplicity,  as  to  a  child,  and  sufficient  to  satisfy  the  minds 

*The  Divine  Pedieree  of  Man. 


CHE-CAU-GOL  [37 

of  the  primitive  people  whose  sages  penned  the  theme.  But  we  are 
told  by  high  authority  (Clay)  that  back  of  the  Mosaic  account  lies 
that  in  the  Assyrian  writings,  certainly  the  prototype  and  most 
surely  the  origin  of  the  Genesis  story.  Back  of  the  Assyrian  in  turn, 
lie  other  creation  myths,  all  in  the  nature  of  folk-lore,  handed  down 
by  word  of  mouth  for  thousands  of  years,  and  having  their  origin 
in  the  sombre  shadows  of  prehistory. 

Father  Suarez,  a  sixteenth-century  Jesuit,  was  most  rigid  in  his 
interpretation,  and  such  was  his  influence  upon  the  Roman  Catholic 
followers  of  Europe  that  the  story,  as  he  told  it,  became  the  only 
Orthodox  belief  for  at  least  three  hundred  years,  and  for  aught  I 
know,  may  yet  be  held  to  be.  His  statement,  as  quoted  by  Huxley, 
was  as  follows: 

"The  world  was  made  in  six  natural  days.  On  the  first  of  these 
days  the  materia  prema  was  made  out  of  nothing,  to  receive  after- 
wards those  "substantial  forms"  which  moulded  it  into  the  universe 
of  things;  on  the  third  day  the  ancestors  of  all  the  living  plants 
came  into  being,  full  grown  and  perfect,  and  possessed  of  all  the 
properties  which  now  distinguish  them;  while  on  the  fifth  and  sixth 
days  the  ancestors  of  all  existing  animals  were  similarly  caused  to 
exist  in  their  complete  and  perfect  state,  by  the  infusion  of  their 
appropriate  material  substantial  forms  into  the  matter,  which  had 
already  been  created.  Finally  on  the  sixth  day  the  Anima  rationalis — 
that  rational  and  immortal  substantial  form  which  is  peculiar  to 
man — was  created  out  of  nothing,  and  'breathed  into'  a  mass  of 
matter  which,  till  then,  was  mere  dust  of  the  earth,  and  so  man 
arose.  But  the  species  man  was  represented  by  a  solitary  male 
individual  until  the  Creator  took  out  one  of  its  ribs  and  fashioned 
into  a  female." 

Man's  kinship  with  the  rest  of  the  animal  kingdom  is  abundantly 
attested,  and  this  is  no  new  invention,  for  did  not  Schoolmun  speak 
of  him  as  animal  rational?  That  he  is  one  with  them,  is  shown  in 
numerous  ways,  among  the  most  significant  of  which  is  the  sureness 
with  which  he  can  be  placed  in  the  classiflcatory  scheme.  As  a  back- 
boned animal,  a  mammal,  a  primate,  there  is  no  ambiguity  about  man 
as  there  is  among  lower  forms  of  life.  His  nearest  relative,  the  great 
or  anthropoid  apes,  are  strikingly  similar,  bone  for  bone,  muscle  for 
muscle,  organ  for  organ,  and  these  by  a  method  of  transplanting 
may  actually  be  interchanged.  The  nervous  system  differs  in  pro- 
portion, complexity  and  size  of  brain — difference  of  degree,  not  of 
kind — and  the  functions  are  so  similar  that  much  of  our  knowledge 
of  the  workings  of  the  human  nervous  system  has  been  gained 
through  experimentation  on  the  apes.  They  have  similar  bodily 
ailments,  are  tormented  by  similar  parasites,  and  a  very  subtle  and 


CHE-CAU  -GOU 


ingenious  blood  test,  which,  it  is  said,  might  be  used  for  a  second 
judgment  of  Solomon,  points  not  only  to  relationship,  but  to  a 
nearness  of  relationship  between  man  and  the  gorilla  and  the  orang 
far  closer  than  between  these  apes  and  the  lesser  primates.  Human 
development,  including  growth  of  body  from  a  single  minute  cell, 
growth  of  mind,  maturity,  old  age  and  death,  is  similar  to  that  of 
other  animals.  This  developmental  history  of  the  individual  is  an 
accepted  fact.  Is  it  more  difficult  to  accept  the  approximately 
parallel  evolution  of  the  human  race? 

The  Theistic  evolutionist  does  not  deny  the  Creator,  nor  the 
creative  act;  he  is  concerned  only  with  the  method  of  creation,  with 
"God's  way  of  doing  things,"  whether  by  direct  or  immediate  crea- 
tion, as  the  literal  interpretation  of  Genesis  seems  to  teach,  or  by 
experimental  creation  of  matter  and  energy  and  the  laws  which  gov- 
ern their  interactions. 

The  principle  of  continuity  of  creation  seems  to  be  the  only 
logical  conclusion  to  be  drawn  from  the  vast  array  of  proved  facts 
which  have  been  revealed  to  us.  To  ignore  these  facts,  and  to  try 
to  revive  worn-out  and  generally  fantastic  beliefs,  all  of  which  are 
merely  man-made,  will  be  in  the  end  futile,  for  truth  is  mighty  and 
will  prevail. 

President  Pritchett,  of  the  Carnegie  Foundation,  quotes  finally 
in  the  reconciliation  of  religion  with  science:  "The  widespread  in- 
fluence of  science  in  the  last  half-century — not  alone  in  physical 
science,  but  in  the  development  of  historical  criticism — hascommitted 
thinking  men  unreservedly  to  what  is  called  the  scientific  method 
in  dealing  with  all  facts,  all  theories,  all  beliefs.  This  scientific 
method  implies  no  new  invention,  but  simply  that  truth  must  be 
taught  with  open  mind,  and  that  it  must  be  followed  fearlessly 
whithersoever  it  may  lead,  even  though  the  path  lie  directly  across 
the  oldest  traditions.  The  day  when  thinking  men  are  willing  to 
yield  their  intellectual  sincerity  in  obedience  to  authority  or  to 
tradition  has  gone  by.  Under  the  leadership  of  this  spirit,  scientific 
men  have  come  into  a  faith  concerning  man  and  the  universe  in 
which  he  lives,  not  so  precise,  or  so  detailed  as  the  faith  of  tradition, 
but  none  the  less  a  faith  comforting  and  reassuring  to  a  sincere 
mind.  Behind  all  phenomena  of  a  physical  universe,  infinite  in 
extent,  whose  existence  goes  back  to  a  time  limitless  in  duration, 
the  man  of  science  recognizes  an  infinite  and  eternal  power,  the 
author  and  sustainer  of  the  universe,  in  whom  we  live  and  have  our 
being.  This  universe  he  sees  to  be  a  universe  of  laws,  although  we 
are  not  always  able  to  distinguish  the  expression  of  these  laws  from 
the  complicated  phenomena  which  their  interaction  brings  about. 
The  man  of  science  rests  secure  in  the  faith  that  he  lives  in  a  universe 


CHE-CAU-GOl  |  39 

sustained  by  an  infinite  power  whose  laws  make  for  righteousness 
and  progress.  Such  a  man  looks  therefore  hopefully  and  confidently 
not  only  on  the  physical  processes  of  nature,  but  on  the  progress  of 
his  own  race. 

"Rising  out  of  brute  ancestry,  he  sees  the  race  growing  century 
by  century  in  intelligence  and  moral  power.  He  has  faith,  therefore, 
that  He  who  through  millions  of  years  has  brought  us  up — it  may  be 
slowly,  painfully — will  lead  us  gradually  into  a  stronger,  nobler 
life  in  this  world.  Science  has  faith  in  God  and  in  human  progress." 


4° 


CHE-CAU-GOU 


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CHAPTER  X 

THE    EXPULSION    FROM    EDEN    AND    MIGRATION    OF    THE    RACES 

TTOWEVER  gentle  was  the  fall  of  man,  his  expulsion  from  the 
*  ■■■  Garden  of  Eden  was  inevitable.  It  was  in  obedience  to  natural 
laws.  The  more  beautiful  the  Garden,  and  the  happier  the  people  there- 
in, the  accumulating  increase  of  population  came  to  the  saturation 
point,  and  there  must  have  occurred  an  overflow,  and  that  was  what 
happened,  and  resulted  in  the  migration  of  the  races.  It  was  always 
thus,  and  will  continue  to  the  end  of  time.  There  will  be  recessions, 
as  wars,  famine  and  pestilence  intervene,  but  the  general  tenor  is  for 
betterment  and  progression. 

These  migrations  run  in  three  streams,  the  white,  the  brown 
and  the  black,  to  Europe,  Asia,  and  Africa  respectively.  They  all 
started  white,  or  pale  faced,  or  what  is  now  called  the  Aryan  race, 
but  color  came  from  climate  and  environment.  The  march  was  slow 
and  thousands  of  years  were  required  to  change  the  color  scheme. 

The  negroid  races  were  born  under  intense  tropical  conditions, 
and  it  is  easily  conceivable  how  in  generations  after  generations  the 
whitest  skins  would  become  colored.  In  Asia  the  modifications  of 
the  original  people  of  Eden  were  not  so  intensive  and  the  brown 
races  in  course  of  long  periods  were  evolved. 

Indulgent  reader,  let  us  trace  down  the  Aborigines  of  North 
America  and  surmise  where  they  came  from.  They  were  known  from 
a  very  early  date  as  Indians,  and  their  traditions  pointed  to  India  as 
their  original  home,  as  was  most  probable.  The  easy  route  led  from 
India  to  Mongolia  and  Siberia,  and  via  Behring  Strait  to  Alaska, 
British  North  America,  Minnesota,  Wisconsin,  Michigan  and 
finally  to  Che-Cau-Gou!  There  were  found  the  Pottawatomi,  a 
warlike  tribe  who  had  come  down  from  the  north  in  canoes.  And, 
later  on,  the  Europeans  migrated  and  came  to  the  same  Che-Cau-Gou 
and  pushed  out  most  shamefully  the  possessors  of  the  soil,  the 
Pottawatomi. 

These  numerous  migrations  are  more  fully  shown  in  the  follow- 
ing tabulations  and  map  of  the  world  on  Mercator's  Projection. 

1 .  The  Monkey  Migration  —  A  —  Route  Lake  Tangeyiki  (5)  to  Garden  of  Eden  (6) 

2.  The  Aryan  "     1st  Trail  I —      "       Eden  (6)  to  Europe  (4) 

2d  Trail  II—      "       Eden  (6)  to  India  (7) 
3d  Trail  III—      "       Eden  (6)  to  Africa  (5) 

3.  The  Indian         "  IV—      "        India  (7)  to  Che-Cau  Gou  (2) 

via  Siberia,  Behring  Strait  (1),  Alaska, 
British  North  America,  Montana,  Min- 
nesota, Wisconsin  and  Michigan 

4.  The  Negro  V—      "        Africa  (5)  via  Atlantic  Coast  and  South- 

ern Cities  to  Che-Cau-Gou  (2) 
Note — All  roads  eventually  lead  to  Che-Cau-Gou 


GENEALOGY 


A — The  Aryan  Races  in  C 

'haldea,  Babylonia. 

B — The  Historical  Generations: 

ist   Adam  and  Eve 

13th  Salah 

2d    Seth 

14th  Eber 

3d     Enos 

15  th  Peleg 

4th   Cainan 

1 6th  Reu 

5th  Mahalaleel 

17th  Serug 

6th  Jared 

1 8  th  Nahor 

7th  Enoch 

19th  Terah 

8th  Methuselah 

20th  Abraham 

9th  Lamech 

21st    Isaac  and  Rebekah 

10th  Noah 

22d    Jacob 

nth  Shem 

23  d    Levi 

12th  Arphaxad 

24th  Moses 

PART  II 

DISCOVERY  OF  AMERICA 


CHAPTER  I 

COLUMBUS    LANDS    AT   SAN    SALVADOR   AND   TRADES    GLASS    BEADS    FOR 
HANDFULS    OF    GOLD    WITH    THE    ABORIGINES 

CHRISTOPHER  COLUMBUS,  on  August  3,  1492,  sailed  from 
Palos,  in  Spain,  in  the  caravels  Santa  Marie,  La  Pinta,  and  La 
Nina,  seeking  an  unexplored  route  to  the  East  Indies,  and  first  saw 
land  on  October  12  at  San  Salvador,  one  of  the  Bahama  Islands  of 
the  West  Indies. 

Supposing,  as  he  did  to  his  latest  day,  that  he  had  found  the 
eastern  coast  of  India,  and  not  another  continent,  Columbus  gave 
the  name  of  Indies  to  the  islands  he  discovered,  whose  inhabitants 
he  also  called  Indians,  yet  he  did  not  have  the  honor  of  giving  his 
own  name  to  the  New  World  which  he  made  known  to  mankind. 

On  sighting  land  he  beheld  a  great  multitude  of  naked  people 
in  paint  and  feathers,  men,  women  and  children.  They  were  in  fact 
the  descendants  of  the  original  people  of  India,  who,  as  I  have 
before  related,  had  migrated  in  course  of  centuries  from  the  Garden 
of  Eden.  From  India,  by  the  way  of  Mongolia,  Siberia,  and  Behring 
Strait,  they  had  spread  over  North  America  from  the  Pacific  Coast 
to  the  Atlantic.  They  had  discovered  America  long  before  Columbus 
did,  through  the  back  yard,  as  it  were.  Some  of  the  leading  tribes 
of  Indians  were  the  Manhattans,  the  Mohawks,  the  Oneidas,  the 
Senecas  and  the  Cayugas  of  New  York,  the  Mohegans,  the  Narra- 
gansetts,  the  Pequots  and  the  Wampanoags  of  New  England,  the 
Seminoles  of  Florida,  the  Cherokees,  the  Choctaws,  the  Chickasaws, 
the  Chippewas,  the  Cheyennes,  the  Creeks,  and  the  Crows;  the 
Apaches,  the  Assiniboine,  Yankton  and  Teton  Sioux;  the  Walla- 
halla,  the  Tuscarora  and  the  Kaskaskia,  the  Ojibways,  the  Navajos 
and  the  Hopi;  the  Pawnee,  the  Winnebago  and  the  Pamunkay;  the 
Utes  and  the  Diggers;  the  Winnebago  and  the  Shinnecock  and  the 
Arapaho;  the  Algonquins,  the  Iroquois  and  the  Illinois;  the  Miami 
and  the  Pottawatomi;  the  Cathlakaheckit;  the  Mishe  Khwertme- 
tanne  and  the  Pimpashauwagotsits.  The  Aztec  tribes  came  down 
the  Pacific  Coast  to  Mexico,  and  Montezuma  was  their  king  until 
Cortez  and  the  Spaniards  conquered  them. 

Then  again  some  five  hundred  years  prior  to  Columbus  came  the 
Norsemen  from  Norway,  Iceland  and  Greenland,  to  America. 
They  didn't  know  what  land  it  was,  or  even  whether  it  was  land,  so 
covered  as  it  was  with  snow  and  ice,  certainly  very  glacial.  They 
skirted  along  the  shores  further  south  and  found  wild  grapes  grow- 


46 


CHE-CAU-GOU 


ing,  and  they  called  the  country  Vineland.  Possibly  it  was  Martha's 
Vineyard  in  Massachusetts. 

The  Aborigines  in  those  wintry  regions  were  Esquimaux,  another 
family  of  Indians  originally  from  Behring  Sea.  Ethnologists  class 

them  with  the  Mongo- 
lians and  give  them 
the  same  origin  as  the 
hunting  tribes  of  North 
American  Indians. 


The  Norsemen  in 
A.  D.  iooo  projected  a 
prolongedvoyageofdis- 
covery  around  Baffins 
Bay,  but  in  1005  re- 
treated to  Greenland 
and  evidently  aban- 
doned for  good  those 
inhospitable  shores. 

Amerigo  Vespucii 
in  1499  landed  in  South 
America  and  gave  his 
name  to  the  country, 
but  by  prior  right  of 
discovery  byColumbus 
it  should  have  been 
Columbia  and  not 
America.  In  1541  Her- 
nando De  Soto  discov- 
ered the  Mississippi 
river,which  the  Indians 
had  named  Chucagua. 

Columbus  made 
many  explorations 
among  the  islands  of 
the  West  Indies,  Cuba, 
Jamaica,Hayti,and  San 
Domingo,  but  did  not 
reach  the  mainland.  He  made  three  return  trips  to  Spain  and  brought 
back  more  ships,  men  and  supplies.  The  Spaniards  traded  glass 
beads  and  other  trinkets  with  the  natives  for  food,  such  as  cassava 
bread,  made  from  the  yuca  root,  fish,  vegetables  and  fruits,  domesti- 
cated parrots,  some  pearls,  much  cotton  yarn,  handfuls  of  golddust, 
and  ear  and  nose  ornaments  in  pieces  of  gold. 


Christopher  Columbia 


CHAPTER  II 


THE  Indians  were  the  original  farmers  of  the  land,  although  the 
opinion  seems  to  have  been  formed  from  tales  and  traditions  of 
early  Indian  life  that  those  living  north  of  Mexico  at  the  time  of 
the  first  European  settlements  in  this  country  were  virtually 
nomads  having  no  fixed  abode,  and  hence  giving  but  little  attention 
to  agriculture.  On  the  contrary,  the  older  records,  particularly 
concerning  the  temperate  regions,  show  that  almost  without  ex- 
ception the  Indians  were  generally  found  from  the  border  of  the 
western  plains  to  the  Atlantic,  dwelling  in  settled  villages  and  culti- 
vating the  soil.  De  Soto  found  all  the  tribes  that  he  visited,  from 
Florida  to  western  Arkansas,  cultivating  maize  and  various  other 
food  plants.  The  early  voyagers  found  the  same  thing  true  along 
the  Atlantic  from  Florida  to  Massachusetts.  Captain  John  Smith 
and  his  Jamestown  colony,  in  fact  all  the  early  colonies,  depended  at 
first  largely  for  subsistence  on  the  products  of  Indian  cultivation. 
Jacques  Cartier,  the  first  European  to  ascend  the  St.  Lawrence, 
found  the  Indians  in  the  present  locality  of  Montreal  cultivating 
the  soil  and  reports  them  as  having  "good  and  large  fields  of  corn." 
Champlain  and  other  early  French  explorers  testify  to  the  successful 
tillage  of  the  soil  for  subsistence  by  the  Iroquois.  La  Salle  and  his 
companions  observed  the  Indians  of  Illinois  and  along  the  Missis- 
sippi southward  cultivating  and  largely  subsisting  on  maize. 

Indian  corn,  the  great  American  cereal,  "was  found  in  culti- 
vation from  the  southern  extremity  of  Chili  to  the  50th  parallel  of 
north  latitude."  (Brinton,  Myths  of  the  New  World,  22,  1868). 
"All  the  nations  who  inhabit  from  the  sea  as  far  as  the  Illinois,  and 
even  farther,  carefully  cultivate  the  maize  corn  which  they  make 
their  principal  subsistence."  (Du  Pratz,  History  of  Louisiana,  II, 
239,  1763.)  "The  whole  of  the  tribes  situated  in  the  Mississippi 
Valley,  in  Ohio,  and  the  lakes  reaching  on  both  sides  of  the  Alle- 
ghenies,  quite  to  Massachusetts  and  other  parts  of  New  England, 
cultivated  Indian  corn.  It  was  the  staple  product."  (Schoolcraft, 
Indian  Tribes,  I,  80,   1851.) 

The  foregoing  applies  chiefly  to  the  region  east  of  the  Rocky 
Mountains,  but  the  native  population  of  the  section  now  embraced 
in  New  Mexico  and  Arizona  not  only  cultivated  the  soil,  but  relied 
on  agriculture  to  a  large  extent  for  subsistence.  No  corn  was  raised 
nor  agriculture  practiced  anywhere  on  the  Pacific  slope,  but  frequent 
mention  is  made  by  the  chroniclers  of  Coronado's  expedition   to 


48]  CHE-CAU-GOU 

New  Mexico  of  the  general  cultivation  of  maize  by  the  Indians  of 
that  section,  and  also  of  the  cultivation  of  cotton.  It  is  stated  in  the 
Relacion  del  Suceso  (Winship,  in  14th  Report,  Bureau  of  American 
Ethnology,  575,  1896)  that  those  who  lived  near  the  Rio  Grande 
raised  cotton,  but  the  others  did  not.  The  writer,  speaking  of  the 
Rio  Grande  Valley,  adds:  "There  is  much  corn  here." 

The  sunflower  was  cultivated  to  a  limited  extent  both  by  the 
Indians  of  the  Atlantic  slope  and  those  of  the  Pueblo  region  for  its 
seeds,  which  were  eaten  after  being  parched  and  ground  into  meal 
between  two  stones.  The  limits  of  the  cultivation  of  tobacco  at  the 
time  of  the  discovery  have  not  yet  been  well  defined.  That  it  was 
cultivated  to  some  extent  on  the  Atlantic  side  is  known;  it  was  used 
aboriginally  all  over  California,  and  indeed  a  plant  called  tobacco  by 
the  natives  was  cultivated  as  far  north  as  Yakutat  Bay,  Alaska. 

Even  where  the  water  supply  of  a  pueblo  settlement  situated 
several  miles  from  a  stream  was  obtained  by  means  of  canals,  each 
house  cluster  was  provided  with  a  reservoir;  and  in  many  instances 
through  the  Southwest,  reservoirs,  sometimes  covering  an  area 
measuring  one  mile  by  one-half  mile,  designed  for  the  storage  of 
rain  water,  were  the  sole  means  of  water  supply  both  for  domestic 
purposes  and  for  irrigation.  In  the  valleys  of  the  Rio  Grande  and 
its  tributaries,  in  New  Mexico,  small  reservoirs  were  the  chief 
means  of  supplying  water  to  the  ancient  villages. 

Although  it  has  been  stated  that  the  Indians  did  not  use  fer- 
tilizers, there  is  evidence  that  they  did.  The  Plymouth  colonists 
were  told  by  the  Indians  to  add  fish  to  the  old  grounds  (Bradford, 
History  Plymouth  Plantation,  Massachusetts  Historical  Society 
Collections,  4th  Series,  III,  100,  1856).  It  is  also  stated  that  the 
Iroquois  manured  their  land.  Lescarbot  says  the  Armouchiquois, 
Virginia  Indians,  and  others  "enrich  their  fields  with  shell  and  fish." 
The  implements  they  used  in  cultivating  the  ground  are  described 
as  "wooden  howes"  and  "spades  made  of  hardwood."  "Florida 
Indians  dig  their  ground  with  an  instrument  of  wood  fashioned  like 
a  broad  mattock,"  "use  hoes  made  of  shoulder  blades  of  animals 
fixed  on  staves,"  "use  the  shoulder  blade  of  a  deer  or  a  tortoise  shell, 
sharpened  upon  a  stone  and  fastened  to  a  stick,  instead  of  a  hoe," 
"a  piece  of  wood,  3  inches  broad,  bent  at  one  end  and  fastened  to  a 
long  handle  sufficed  them  to  free  the  land  from  weeds  and  turn  it  up 
lightly."  Mention  is  also  made  of  shells  used  as  digging  implements, 
and  Moore  and  Cushing  have  found  in  Florida  many  large  conch 
that  had  served  this  purpose. 

Farming  life  is  no  doubt  conducive  to  happiness  and  longevity; 
proof  of  this  among  the  Indians  is  the  extreme  case  of  Navajo  Pete, 
who  recently  died  at  the  good  old  age  of  116. 


CHE-CAU-GOU  [49 

The  Indians  of  North  America,  in  their  predominating  traits  of 
character,  are  just,  generous,  hospitable,  simple,  frank,  cordial  and 
chaste;  often  revengeful  and  generally  superstitious.  In  war  the 
warriors  are  daring,  boastful,  cunning,  ruthless,  self  denying,  and 
self  devoted.  It  is  generally  believed  the  aborigines  of  the  American 
Continent  have  an  Asiatic  origin.  The  author  of  this  book,  Onkwe 
Ganinwari,  Sachem  of  the  Pottawatomi,  teacher  and  interpreter  in 
the  United  States  Indian  schools,  from  his  profound  oriental  studies, 
and  from  the  excavations  and  researches  among  the  Indian  mounds 
of  this  country,  is  firmly  convinced  that  the  descendants  of  one 
branch  of  the  Aryan  race,  whose  first  parents  were  Adam  and  Eve, 
migrated  from  the  Garden  of  Eden  to  India  and  thence,  in  the  course 
of  centuries,  via  China,  Mongolia,  Siberia,  Behring  Strait,  Alaska, 
British  North  America,  Montana,  Minnesota,  Wisconsin  and 
Michigan  to  Che-cau-gou! 

The  story  of  Pocahontas  is  known  the  world  over,  but  it  will  bear 
repetition  even  at  this  day  as  illustrating  the  self-sacrifice  and  noble- 
ness of  a  native  Indian  girl.  The  notable  case  of  deliverance  from 
death,  which  has  been  described  in  prose  and  sung  in  poetry,  wher- 
ever the  history  of  Virginia  has  been  told,  was  that  of  Captain 
John  Smith,  one  of  the  leading  men  of  that  colony.  He  was  a  man  of 
great  energy  and  courage  and  possessed  a  spirit  of  adventure  seldom 
excelled.  Not  satisfied  with  remaining  at  the  settlement,  he  pushed  on 
into  the  interior.  This  alarmed  the  Indians,  giving  them  the  im- 
pression that  the  Whites  were  seeking  to  overrun  the  entire  country. 
He  was  attacked  and  all  his  men  killed,  he  alone  being  taken  a  prisoner 
to  Powhatan,  who  was  the  great  head  chief  of  all  that  section. 
Powhatan  had  heard  of  Captain  Smith,  and  knew  he  was  one  of  the 
great  chiefs  of  the  "pale  faces,"  so  he  was  at  a  loss  to  know  what  to 
do  with  him,  having  a  fear  that  if  he  put  him  to  death,  the  whites 
would  wreak  terrible  vengeance  upon  his  nation.  He  therefore  kept 
him  a  prisoner  for  six  weeks,  treating  him  with  great  kindness. 
Finally  he  determined  that  the  captive  must  die,  and  gave  his 
orders  to  that  effect.  Two  of  the  warriors  bound  the  prisoner's  hands 
and  feet,  and  laid  his  head  upon  the  rock.  At  a  signal  from  the  chief, 
two  other  warriors,  each  armed  with  the  deadly  war-club,  stepped 
forward  and  stood  grim  and  still  at  the  head  of  the  prostrate  victim, 
awaiting  the  signal  to  deal  the  fatal  blow. 

At  this  moment  a  wild  scream  pierced  the  air,  and  Pocahontas, 
the  beautiful  daughter  of  Powhatan,  a  girl  of  thirteen  years,  flew  to 
the  captive,  threw  herself  upon  his  prostrate  form,  and,  staying  the 
arm  of  one  of  the  warriors  with  her  own,  laid  her  head  upon  that 
of  the  prisoner,  so  that  if  the  blow  fell  it  must  be  upon  her  own 
head. 


<o 


CHE-CAU-GOU 


Powhatan  was  dumfounded.  He  dearly  loved  his  little  daughter; 
but  he  was  a  great  chief,  and  his  orders  must  be  obeyed.  After  a 
moment's  hesitation,  he  took  her  by  the  hand  and  raised  her  to  her 


Little  White  Cloud 


feet,  when,  with  tearful  eyes,  she  implored  her  chieftain  father  to 
spare  the  captive's  life.  Her  plea  was  most  eloquent,  and  Powhatan 
listened  in  mute  astonishment.  When  it  was  finished,  and  while  the 
sobbing  girl  was  clinging  to  his  knee,  her  streaming  eyes  fixed  on  his, 
the  chief  gave  the  order  to  unbind  the  captive  and  return  him  to  his 
people. 


CHE-CAU-GOU  [51 

The  story  of  Wau-kee-nah  is  another  illustration  of  the  bravery 
of  the  native  Indian  girl  and  the  depth  and  sincerity  of  Indian 
friendship. 

The  following  description  is  taken  from  "Wau-kee-nah  and  Her 
People/'  by  Bvt.  Brig.  Gen.  James  C.  Strong,  Veteran  Reserve  Corps, 
U.S.A.: 

Wau-kee-nah  (signifying  "most  beautiful")  was  of  the  Yakima 
country,  a  daughter  of  one  of  the  chiefs  of  an  Indian  tribe.  At  the 
age  of  some  fifteen  or  sixteen  years,  she  entered  into  the  domestic 
service  of  the  family  of  Judge  Strong,  of  the  United  States  Court  in 
the  State  of  Oregon.  She  appeared  so  unusually  intelligent  and  so 
perfectly  neat  withal,  it  occurred  to  him  that  his  wife  might  teach  her 
to  be  very  helpful  about  the  house.  In  face,  form  and  lissome  grace, 
she  was  peerless  among  her  race.  She  lived  in  the  family  for  many 
years.  When  she  came  to  us  she  presented  a  striking  picture.  She 
was  dressed  in  the  usual  summer  costume  of  the  mountain  Indian 
girl  of  that  section,  a  costume  which  disclosed  rather  than  con- 
cealed her  beautiful  figure.  About  her  waist  was  a  girdle  some  two 
and  a  half  inches  in  width,  and  into  this  was  skillfully  woven  four 
rows  of  cords,  made  from  the  fibre  of  bark  and  roots,  which  hung 
down  neatly  to  her  knees  and  constituted  her  skirt.  The  only  cover- 
ing from  the  waist  up  was  her  very  luxuriant  black  hair,  which  not 
only  grew  very  thick,  but  hung  almost  to  her  knees. 

If  to  the  above  be  added  the  daintily  embroidered  moccasins, 
which  shod  her  feet,  we  have  the  entire  costume  in  which  we  first 
saw  her.  But  she  had  that  simple  native  modesty  that  saw  no 
impropriety  in  such  a  dress."  She  looked  very  jaunty  and  handsome 
in  her  native  winter  costume.  This  consisted  of  a  pair  of  leggins  made 
of  buckskin,  beautifully  worked  with  beads  and  porcupine  quills 
and  fastened  around  the  waist.  Over  these  she  wore  a  skirt,  also  of 
buckskin  and  very  elaborately  embroidered,  which  reached  a  little 
below  the  knee,  and  in  shape  was  not  unlike  those  worn  by  white 
girls.  The  skirt  was  also  heavily  fringed  around  the  bottom.  The 
costume  was  completed  by  a  jacket  or  waist  of  embroidered  buck- 
skin, which  in  cut  and  shape  was  almost  identical  with  the  surplice 
waist  of  our  own  fashionable  ladies  of  the  World's  Fair  year.  It  was  a 
very  sensible  and  pretty  costume.  She  was  fleet-footed  as  a  deer,  and 
while  retaining  all  the  quickness  and  alertness  of  the  Indian,  she 
soon  added  to  these  the  grace  of  a  queenly  woman.  She  was  an 
expert  in  the  use  of  the  bow  and  arrow  when  she  came  to  us,  but 
knew  little  of  the  use  of  firearms.  In  those  early  days  in  Oregon  it 
was  quite  necessary  that  a  woman  no  less  than  a  man,  should  know 
how  to  use  the  rifle  and  the  revolver,  and  the  ladies  frequently 
joined  in  the  sport,  and  her  keen  eye  and  steady  nerve  soon  made 
her  an  expert  shot.  UN|VERS(Ty  Qf 

ILLINOIS  LIBRARY 


52 


CHE-CAU-GOU 


At  one  time  she  wounded  a  deer,  which  fled  to  an  island  in  the 
Columbia  river.  She  was  a  splendid  swimmer.  She  divested  herself 


Wau-Kee-Xah 


of  her  outer  garment,  tied  her  powder  horn  upon  the  top  of  her  head 
with  the  braids  of  her  luxuriant  hair,  put  some  bullets  into  her 
mouth,  took  the  rifle  in  her  left  hand  and  plunged  into  the  river. 


CHE-CAU-GOU  [53 

Not  Leander,  eager  to  meet  his  beautiful  Hero  on  the  other  side 
of  the  Hellespont,  ever  cleft  the  waters  with  stronger  or  more 
efficient  strokes  than  did  this  Indian  Diana,  swimming  after  her 
more  humble  prize. 

Steadily  and  quite  rapidly  she  made  her  way  to  the  island,  and 
after  walking  a  short  distance  along  the  bank,  she  signalled  to  us 
that  she  had  found  the  trail.  We  waited  quite  a  long  time  before  we 
heard  again  the  ring  of  her  rifle  and  then  in  a  few  minutes  she 
appeared  upon  the  bank  with  a  glad  shout,  and  told  us  she  had 
killed  the  deer. 

The  next  episode  in  Wau-kee-nah's  life  was  the  rescue  of  the 
Judge's  little  boy  from  the  deep  waters  of  the  Columbia.  Wau-kee- 
nah  saw  the  child  lose  his  hold  and  sink  beneath  the  whirling  waters. 
She  did  not  hesitate  for  a  single  instant.  Marking  with  a  quick  eye 
the  spot  where  she  wanted  to  strike  the  water,  she  plunged  headlong 
into  the  river  to  the  very  bottom,  but  she  did  not  find  the  boy .  For  an 
instant  her  brave  heart  sank  within  her,  as  she  thought  she  had 
made  a  miscalculation.  But  it  was  only  for  an  instant.  The  eddy  had 
not  permitted  the  boy  to  sink  to  the  bottom.  Wau-kee-nah  came  to 
the  surface  with  the  child  in  her  arms.  This  act  of  Wau-kee-nah's 
made  a  very  strong  impression  upon  all  of  us.  We  fully  realized  that 
but  for  her  bravery  and  alertness,  our  little  household  would  have 
been  in  mourning. 

Wau-kee-nah  was  always  ready  for  any  emergency  and  her 
courage  was  unbounded.  It  may  truthfully  be  said  she  was  entirely 
without  fear. 

There  was  one  time  when  she  had  a  thrilling  experience.  She  had 
started  early  enough  to  reach  home  before  dark,  but  had  gone  only 
a  little  way  when  she  heard  the  howling  of  wolves  in  the  woods. 
As  they  seemed  to  be  coming  in  her  direction  she  hurriedly  climbed 
a  tree  and  seated  herself  upon  a  limb.  It  was  but  a  little  while  before 
seven  large  mountain  wolves  made  their  appearance  under  the  tree. 
None  of  us  ever  went  into  the  woods  in  those  days  without  a  revolver, 
and  she  had  not  forgotten  hers.  She  made  prompt  use  of  it  and  shot 
the  wolf  that  seemed  to  be  the  leader  of  the  pack;  but  this  did  not 
frighten  the  others  away.  They  were  hungry  and  they  kept  prowling 
around  the  foot  of  the  tree  until  it  became  so  dark  that  she  did  not 
dare  to  come  down  and  continue  her  journey.  She  had  looked  in  the 
chamber  of  her  revolver  after  she  had  shot  the  wolf  and  found  that 
there  were  but  two  shots  left,  and  she  wisely  concluded  that  she  had 
better  keep  those  for  use  in  case  a  panther  or  a  bear  should  come 
upon  the  scene  and  attempt  to  climb  the  tree.  There  was  nothing 
for  her  to  do  then  but  fix  herself  to  spend  the  night  in  the  tree.  So 
she  climbed  further  up  among  the  branches  until  she  found  a  safe 


54  J  CHE-CAU-GOU 

and  comfortable  seat,  and  there  settled  herself  for  the  night  with 
naught  but  the  hungry  wolves  and  the  dismal  screech  owls  to  keep 
her  company. 

She  heard   the  baffled  wolves  many   times  during  the  night, 
sometimes  at  a  distance  and  sometimes  under  the  tree  scenting  their 
dead  leader.  And  thus  this  lion-hearted  girl  of  eighteen  spent  the 
summer  night.  At  daybreak,  while  stretching  her  tired  limbs  into  a 
more  comfortable  position,  she  caught  sight  of  another  visitor  creep- 
ing through  the  underbrush  towards  her  tree.  The  wolves  had  not 
been  heard  for  quite  a  long  time,  and  it  took  but  one  quick  glance  to 
assure  the  girl  that  it  was  a  sleek  and  sinuous  panther  that  was 
approaching  for  this  early  morning  call.  Wau-kee-nah  glanced  at  her 
revolver  and  saw  it  was  secure  in  her  belt.  Then  she  prepared  to  give 
her  unbidden  guest  a  warm  reception.  With  but  two  shots  at  her 
command  she  could  not  afford  to  risk  the  chance  of  wasting  even 
one  of  them   upon   the   panther  while  he  was  upon  the  ground. 
There  was  no  other  tree  near  enough  for  him  to  climb  and  thus 
spring  upon  her.  He  would  have  to  climb  her  tree,  and  she  must 
wait  until  he  did  it.  But  she  had  no  notion  of  letting  her  unwelcome 
visitor  select  the  place  of  meeting.  She  well  knew  if  he  obtained  a 
foothold  upon  a  limb  of  the  tree  he  could  thus  spring  upon  her. 
Whereas,  while  climbing  the  body  of  the  tree  he  could  make  no 
spring.  Lightly  and  very  quickly  she  swung  herself  down  to  the 
lowest  limb  and  planted  herself  securely  thereon,  with  her  head  close 
to  the  body  of  the  tree,  pistol  in  hand,  she  waited  his  coming.  She 
had  not  long  to  wait,  for  the  panther  wasted  no  time.  As  soon  as  he 
reached  the  tree  he,  catlike,  began  slowly  and  cautiously  climbing  it, 
while  Wau-kee-nah's  dark  head  hung  over  toward  the  side  on  which 
he  came  as  if  to  meet  him  halfway.  Their  eyes  met — the  panther's 
were   eager,   burning,    fascinating — but   W7au-kee-nah's   dark   orbs 
were  not  disturbed.  On  came  the  panther,  steadily,  cautiously  but 
confidently.   He   had   already  covered  half  the  distance   between 
her  and  the  ground,  but  Wau-kee-nah  held  her  fire.  As  the  brute 
came  still  closer  and  when  she  could  almost  have  reached  down  and 
touched  his  paw,  the  girl  glanced  along  her  pistol  barrel.  Her  aim 
was  at  one  of  those  burning  eyes  that  had  not  left  her  own.  A  shot 
rang  out  in  the  still  morning  air,  and  an  instant  later  the  panther 
lay  kicking  feebly  on  the  ground,  while  Wau-kee-nah  still  had  one 
shot  left!  But  there  was  no  need  for  a  second  shot.  The  aim  had  been 
true,  and  the  panther  soon  ceased  his  struggles.  Wau-kee-nah  re- 
mained in  the  tree  until  sunrise  to  make  sure  there  were  no  more 
panthers  or  wolves  about;  then  she  came  down  and  soon  reached 
home  without  further  adventure. 

Just  prior  to  the  breaking  out  of  the  Yakima  war  in   1856,  I 
was  hunting  and  one  night  while  lying  wrapped  in  my  blanket  under 


CHE-CAU-GOU  [55 

a  wide-spreading  cedar,  and  not  yet  asleep,  I  saw  indistinctly  some- 
one approaching  me.  This  nocturnal  visitor  approaching  so  noise- 
lessly and  so  unexpectedly  was  Wau-kee-nah.  She  told  me  in  low 
tones  that  her  people  had  determined  to  take  the  war-path.  The 
outbreak,  she  said,  was  very  near  at  hand;  in  fact  the  Yakimas 
were  only  waiting  the  return  of  the  head  war-chief,  who  had  gone  on 
a  mission  to  some  of  the  neighboring  tribes  to  get  them  to  join  in  the 
war,  and  that  they  would  begin  killing  the  whites  as  soon  as  he 
came  back  and  that  if  I  remained  there  I  would  probably  be  the  first 
victim.  She  undertook  to  rescue  me  from  my  imminent  though 
unconscious  danger  entirely  upon  her  own  notion.  This  simple  child 
of  the  mountain  forest  unfolded  to  me  a  plan  so  simple  and  yet  so 
feasible  for  my  getting  away,  that  when  I  heard  it  I  wondered  why 
I  had  not  thought  of  it  at  once.  I  saw  the  Indians  holding  a  long 
council  lasting  until  into  the  afternoon  before  anyone  went  to  bring 
me  a  horse,  but  finally  they  brought  one  as  I  had  feigned  sickness 
and  having  taken  the  precaution  to  swallow  some  tobacco,  not  only 
looked  sick  but  felt  so.  It  is  needless  to  say  I  made  good  use  of  the 
horse  and  escaped  to  the  river  in  safety. 

This  noble  girl  had  paddled  a  canoe  up  the  river  thirty  miles,  and 
then  traveled  twenty-five  miles  through  the  dense  forest  on  foot 
and  alone  to  save  my  life. 

This  incident,  though  it  is  more  than  usually  striking  by  reason  of 
i  ts  principal  actor  being  a  girl,  is  but  a  typical  illustration  of  the  depth 
and  sincerity  of  Indian  friendship.  It  is  upon  such  acts  that  I  found 
my  belief  that  there  does  not  exist  upon  the  face  of  the  earth  a  race 
that  is  less  treacherous,  or  more  true  to  a  friend  than  the  Indian. 


CHAPTER  III 

MAGIC   POWER   IN   THE    RELIGIONS    OF  THE   INDIANS 

AT  heart  the  American  Indian,  as  may  be  said  of  most  primitive 
^  peoples,  is  essentially  a  devout  person,  his  sacrifices,  his  fasts, 
his  fetishes,  his  ceremonies,  being  most  rigidly  adhered  to,  having 
predominance  over  all  other  matters  of  merely  temporal  importance. 
He  acknowledges  the  existence  of  a  Supreme  Being,  appeals  to  Him 
in  matters  of  importance  to  himself  and  his  tribe,  and  expects  to 
spend  the  life  beyond  in  accordance  with  his  merits.  To  him,  re- 
ligion as  introduced  by  the  whites  was  no  new  thing;  the  dogma 
was  changed,  but  it  was  simply  a  variation  of  the  old  theories  and 
theoldceremoniesof  his  fathers,  and  in  this  variation  the  attraction  lay. 

The  religious  concepts  of  the  Indians  may  be  described  in  two 
groups — those  that  concern  the  individual,  and  those  that  concern  the 
social  group,  such  as  tribe  and  clan.  The  fundamental  concept 
bearing  on  the  religious  life  of  the  individual  is  the  belief  in  the 
existence  of  magic  power,  which  may  influence  the  life  of  man,  and 
which  in  turn  may  be  influenced  by  human  activity.  In  this  sense 
magic  power  must  be  understood  as  the  wonderful  qualities  which 
are  believed  to  exist  in  objects,  animals,  man,  spirits,  or  deities,  and 
which  are  superior  to  the  natural  qualities  of  man.  This  idea  of 
magic  power  is  one  of  the  fundamental  concepts  that  occur  among 
all  Indian  tribes.  It  is  what  is  called  MANITO  by  the  Algonquian 
tribes;  WAKANDA,  by  the  Siouan  tribes  ORENDA,  by  the 
Iroquois;  SULIA,  by  the  Salish,  NAUALAK,  by  the  Kwakiutl,  and 
TAMANOAS,  by  the  Chinook.  Notwithstanding  slight  differences 
in  the  signification  of  these  terms  the  fundamental  notion  of  all  of 
them  is  that  of  a  power  inherent  in  the  objects  of  nature  which  is  more 
potent  than  the  natural  powers  of  man.  This  idea  seems  adequately 
expressed  by  our  term  "wonderful;"  and  it  is  hardly  necessary  to 
introduce  an  Indian  term,  as  has  often  been  attempted.  Among  the 
American  terms,  the  word  MANITO,  has  been  most  frequently  used 
to  express  this  idea.  The  degree  to  which  the  magic  power  of  nature 
is  individualized  differs  considerably  among  various  tribes.  Although 
the  belief  in  the  powers  of  inanimate  objects  is  common,  we  find,  in 
America,  that,  on  the  whole,  animals,  particularly  the  larger  ones, 
are  most  frequently  considered  as  possessed  of  such  magic  power. 
Strong  anthropomorphic  individualization  also  occurs,  which  justi- 
fies us  in  calling  these  powers  deities.  It  seems  probable  that  among 
the  majority  of  tribes,  besides  the  belief  in  the  power  of  specific  ob- 
jects, a  belief  in  a  magic  power  that  is  only  vaguely  localized  exists. 


CHE-CAU-GOU  [57 

In  cases  where  this  belief  is  pronounced,  the  notion  sometimes 
approaches  the  concept  of  a  Deity,  or  of  a  Great  Spirit  which  is 
hardly  anthropomorphic  in  its  character.  This  is  the  case,  for 
instance,  among  the  Tsimshian  of  British  Columbia  and  among  the 
Algonquian  tribes  of  the  Great  Lakes,  and  also  in  the  figure  of  the 
Tirawa  of  the  Pawnee. 

As  stated  before,  the  whole  concept  of  the  world — or,  in  other 
words,  the  mythology  of  each  tribe — enters  to  a  very  great  extent 
into  their  religious  concepts  and  activities.  The  mythologies  are 
highly  specialized  in  different  parts  of  North  America;  and,  although 
a  large  number  of  myths  are  the  common  property  of  many  American 
tribes,  the  general  view  of  the  world  appears  to  be  quite  distinct  in 
various  parts  of  the  continent.  Taking  into  consideration  the  conti- 
nent of  America  as  a  whole,  we  find  a  type  of  explanation  of  the 
world  which  is  psychologically  quite  different  from  the  familiar 
Semitic  type.  In  the  Semitic  religion  eternal  existence  appeared  as 
an  unintelligible  problem,  and  the  mind  preferred  to  assume  a 
beginning  which  was  accounted  for  by  transferring  the  existing 
world,  as  it  was  known  by  observation,  into  the  thought  of  a  creator, 
and  interpreting  the  creation  as  a  projection  of  his  thoughts  by  his 
will-power  into  objective  existence.  The  Indian  mind,  on  the  other 
hand,  accepts  the  eternal  existence  of  the  world  and  accounts  for  its 
specific  form  by  the  assumption  that  events  which  once  happened 
in  early  times  settled  for  once  and  all  the  form  in  which  the  same 
kind  of  event  must  continue  to  occur.  For  instance,  when  the  bear 
produced  the  stripes  of  the  chipmunk  by  scratching  its  back,  this 
determined  that  all  chipmunks  were  to  have  such  stripes;  or  when 
an  ancestor  of  a  clan  was  taught  a  certain  ceremony,  that  same 
ceremony  must  be  performed  by  all  future  generations.  This  idea 
is  not  by  any  means  confined  to  America,  but  is  found  among 
primitive  peoples  of  other  continents  as  well,  and  occurs  even  in 
Semitic  cults.* 

As  in  the  Iroquois  and  other  Indian  tribes,  the  Indian  could 
marry  more  than  one  wife,  but  on  account  of  the  ease  with  which 
any  marriage  compact  could  be  dissolved,  this  seldom  happened. 
A  missionary  was  once  talking  to  one  of  these  Indians  in  regard  to 
the  sin  of  such  easy  separation  and  received  from  him  this  senten- 
tious reply:  "You  marry  white  woman.  She  know  you  have  to  keep 
her  always,  so  she  scold,  scold,  scold,  and  no  cook  you  venison;  I 
marry  squaw;  she  know  I  leave  her  if  she  no  good,  so  she  no  scold. 
She  cook  my  venison,  and  we  live  long  and  happy  together." 

It  was  his  way  of  saying  that  the  chain  galls  least  that  binds 
most  lightly. 


*Indian  Affairs,  Bureau  of  Ethnology 


CHAPTER  IV 

THE    LAST    OF    THE    MOHICANS 

AFTER  the  arrival  of  Columbus  in  the  West  Indies,  colonization 
-of  America  set  in  all  along  the  Atlantic  coast  from  Maine  to 
Florida.  There  were  settlements  of  the  Puritans  in  Massachusetts, 
the  Dutch  in  New  York,  the  Quakers  in  Pennsylvania,  the  English 
in  Virginia,  the  Huegenots  in  Carolina,  the  Spaniards  in  Florida, 
the  French  in  New  Orleans,  the  Germans,  the  Swedes  and  the  Finns 
elsewhere,  and  all  seeking  land  to  take  it  away  from  the  Indians,  who 
originally  held  possession  of  all  from  the  Atlantic  to  the  Pacific,  and 
quite  naturally  considered  themselves  the  rightful  owners  thereof. 

The  incoming  whites,  however,  claimed  ownership  by  right  of 
discovery,  and  asserted  such  right  by  force  of  arms  whenever  nec- 
essary. There  was  much  contention  between  the  Indians  themselves, 
and  much  warfare  and  many  tribal  battles  occurred. 

To  quarrel  and  fight  is  common  with  nations,  tribes,  families, 
and  individuals,  whether  in  savage  or  civilized  life,  whether  pre- 
historic or  today,  and  probably  will  continue  until  the  millennium 
comes  or  universal  pacifism  exists. 

The  following  is  a  list  of  expeditions,  troubles  and  disturbances 
in  the  United  States,  1782-1898: 

1782-1787 — Wyoming  Valley  war  in  Pennsylvania. 

1790-1795 — War  with  the  Northwest  Indians;  Mingoe,  Miami, 
Wyandot,  Delawares,  Potawatomi,  Shawnee,  Chippewa,  and 
Ottawa,  September  19,  1790,  to  August  3,  1795.  Included  are  Har- 
mar's  and  St.  Clair's  bloody  defeats  and  Wayne's  victory  at  Fallen 
Timbers,  which  compelled  peace. 

1 8 1 1 — War  with  the  Indians  in  Indiana,  September  21  to 
November  18,  181 1.  General  Harrison  defeated  the  Confederate 
tribes  at  Tippecanoe,  Indiana. 

181 2 — Florida  or  Seminole  war,  August  15  to  October,  18 12. 
Spanish  Florida  invaded  by  Georgia  Militia  under  General  Newman, 
and  the  Seminole  under  King  Payne,  defeated.  These  disturbances 
never  ceased  until  Florida  was  ceded  by  Spain  to  the  United  States. 
In  fact,  one  band  of  Seminole  was  never  conquered  and  reside  in 
Florida  to  this  day. 

1 8 13 — Peoria  Indian  war  in  Illinois,  September  19  to  October  21. 

1 8 13-18 14 — Creek  Indian  war  in  Alabama,  Georgia,  Mississippi, 
and  Tennessee,  July  27,  18 13,  to  August  9,  18 14.  It  was  in  this  war 
that  General  Andrew  Jackson  first  attracted  attention  as  a  com- 


CHE-CAU-GOU  [59 

mander.  He  defeated  the  Creeks  in  a  bloody  engagement  at  Talla- 
dega, November  9,  18 13;  at  Emuckfau,  January  22,  1814;  at 
Enotochopco,  January  24,  and  finally  at  the  Horseshoe  Bend  of  the 
Tallapoosa  River,  March  27,  1814,  which  humbled  the  Creek  pride 
completely.  At  this  battle  750  Creeks  were  killed  or  drowned,  and 
201  whites  were  killed  or  wounded.  In  this  war  the  brave  Creeks  lost 
2,000  warriors.  Ten  years  afterward  the  tribe  still  numbered  22,000. 

1 8 1 7-1 8 1 8 — Seminole  Indian  war  in  Georgia  and  Florida,  Novem- 
ber 20,  1817  to  October  31,  1818.  It  was  during  this  war  that  Jackson 
took  possession  of  the  Spanish  territory.  He  seized  St.  Marks  and 
Pensacola,  Florida,  hanged  two  Englishmen,  Arbuthnot  and  Am- 
brister,  for  inciting  the  Indians  to  hostilities,  and  brought  the 
Indians  to  terms. 

1823 — Campaign  against  Arickaree  Indians,  upper  Missouri 
River. 

1827 — Fever  River  expedition  against  the  Indians  in  Illinois. 

1827 — Winnebago  expedition,  Wisconsin,  June  28  to  September 
27,  1827;  also  called  La  Fevre  Indian  war. 

1 83 1 — Sac  and  Fox  Indian  war  in  Illinois,  June  and  July. 

1832 — Black  Hawk  Indian  war,  April  26  to  September  30,  1832, 
in  Illinois  and  Wisconsin.  Black  Hawk  escaped  from  General 
Atkinson,  but  surrendered  at  Prairie  du  Chien,  August  27,  1832.  He 
was  taken  to  Washington  to  see  the  "Great  Father/'  and  ever 
afterward  lived  at  peace  with  the  whites.  He  was  but  a  chief  of  a 
secondary  band.  He  settled  upon  the  Des  Moines  River,  in  Iowa, 
where  he  died  October  3,  1838. 

1834 — Pawnee  expedition  in  the  Indian  Territory,  June  to 
September. 

1 835-1 836 — The  Toledo  war,  or  Ohio  and  Michigan  boundary 
dispute. 

1 835-1842 — Florida  or  Seminole  Indian  war  in  Florida,  Georgia, 
and  Alabama,  December  8,  1835,  to  August  14,  1842. 

1 836-1 837 — Sabine  or  Southwestern  Indian  disturbance  in 
Louisiana,  April  1836,  to  April,  1837. 

1 836-1 837 — Creek  disturbances  in  Alabama,  May  5,  1836,  to 
September  30,  1837. 

1836 — Heatherly  Indian  troubles  on  Missouri  and  Iowa  line, 
July  to  November. 

1 836-1 838 — Cherokee  disturbances  and  removal  to  the  Indian 
Territory. 

1837 — Osage  Indian  war  in  Missouri. 


60  ]  CHE-CAU-GOU 

1 847-1848 — -Cavuse  Indian  war  in  Oregon,  December,  1847  to 
July,  1848. 

1 849-1 855 — Texas  and  New  Mexico  Indian  war. 

1 849-1 855 — Apache,  Navajo,  and  Utah  war. 

1 849-186 1 — Navajo  troubles  in  New  Mexico. 

1 849-1 861 — Continuous  disturbances  with  Comanche,  Cheyenne, 
Lipan,  and  Kickapoo  Indians  in  Texas. 

1850 — Pit  River  expedition,  California,  April  28  to  September 
13,  1850. 

1 850-1 853 — Utah  Indian  disturbances. 

1851-1852 — California  Indian  disturbances. 

1 851-1856 — Rogue  River  Indian  war  in  Oregon,  June  17  to  July 
3,  1 851;  August  8  to  September,  1853;  March  to  June,  1856. 

18^4 — -Oregon  Indian  war  in  Oregon,  August  and  September, 
1854. 

1855 — -Yakima  expedition,  Washington  Territory,  October  11  to 
November  24,  1855.  Commanded  by  Maj.  Gabriel  J.  Rains,  after- 
ward a  Confederate  general.  Composed  of  a  small  body  of  regulars 
and  a  regiment  of  mounted  Oregon  troops.  The  expedition  was  a 
failure.  The  following  year,  under  command  of  Col.  Geo.  Wright, 
U.  S.  A.,  better  success  was  had  against  the  Indian  allies,  and  peace 
subsequently  compelled.  Lieutenant  Sheridan,  afterward  lieutenant- 
general,  greatly  distinguished  himself  at  the  Cascades. 

1855 — Klamath  and  Salmon  River  Indian  war  in  Oregon  and 
Idaho,  January  to  March. 

1855 — Winna's  expedition  against  Snake  Indians,  Oregon,  May 
24  to  September  8. 

1 855-1 856 — -Sioux  expedition,  Nebraska  Territory,  April  3,  1855, 
to  July  27,  1856. 

18^5-1856 — Cheyenne  and  Arapaho  troubles. 

185 <-i 8^8 — Florida  Indian  war,  December  k,  1855,  to  May  8, 
1858." 

1857 — Sioux  Indian  troubles  in  Minnesota  and  Iowa,  March 
and  April,  1857. 

1858 — Expedition  against  northern  Indians,  Washington  Terri- 
tory, July  17  to  October  17. 

1858 — Spokane,  Coeur  d'Alene,  and  Paloos  Indian  troubles. 

1858 — Navajo  expedition,  New  Mexico,  September  9  to  De- 
cember 2;. 

1 858-1 8^9 — Wichita  expedition,  Indian  Territory,  September  11, 
1858,  to  December,  1859. 


CHE-CAU-GOU  [  6 1 

1859 — Colorado  River  expedition,  California,  February  n  to 
April  28. 

1859 — Pecos  expedition,  Texas,  April  16  to  August  17. 

i860 — Kiowa  and  Comanche  expedition,  Indian  Territory, 
May  8  to  October  11. 

1860-1861 — Navajo  expedition,  New  Mexico,  September  12, 
i860,  to  February  24,   1861. 

1861-1864 — Campaign  against  the  Cheyenne  Indians. 

1 862-1 863 — Sioux  Indian  war  in  Minnesota  and  Dakota.  The 
Sioux  killed  upwards  of  i,coo  settlers  in  Minnesota.  They  were 
pursued  by  Generals  Sibley  and  Sulley,  with  about  5,000  men, 
scattering  in  Dakota.  The  operations  against  them  were  successful. 
Over  1,000  Indians  were  made  prisoners,  and  39  of  the  murderers 
were  hanged  after  a  fair  trial.  In  1863  the  Minnesota  Sioux  were 
removed  to  Dakota. 

1 863-1869 — War  against  the  Cheyenne,  Arapaho,  Kiowa,  and 
Comanche  Indians  in  Kansas,  Nebraska,  Colorado,  and  Indian 
Territory. 

1 865-1 868 — Campaign  against  Indians  in  southern  Oregon, 
Idaho,  and  northern  California. 

1 867-1 869 — Campaign  against  Indians  in  Kansas,  Colorado,  and 
Indian  Territory. 

1 867-1 88 1 — Campaign  against  Lipan,  Kiowa,  Kickapoo,  and 
Comanche  Indians,  and  Mexican  border  disturbances. 

1874 — -Sioux  expedition,  Wyoming  and  Nebraska,  February  13 
to  August. 

1 872-1873 — Modoc  Indian  war  in  Oregon  and  California,  Novem- 
ber 22,  1872,  to  October  3,  1873. 

1873 — Campaign  againts  Apache  Indians  in  Arizona  and  New 
Mexico. 

1 874-1 875 — Campaign  against  Kiowa,  Cheyenne,  and  Comanche 
Indians  in  Indian  Territory,  August  1,  1874,  to  February  16,  1875. 

1875 — Expedition  against  Indians  in  eastern  Nevada,  September 
7  to  27. 

1 876-1 877 — Big  Horn  and  Yellowstone  expeditions,  W7yoming 
and  Montana,  February  17,  1876,  to  June  13, 1877.  Three  converging 
expeditions  under  Generals  Gibbon,  Custer,  and  Terry  were  sent 
against  the  hostile  Sioux  who  had  previously  repulsed  General 
Crook  in  the  Little  Big  Horn  country.  Custer  divided  his  command 
when  in  the  vicinity  of  the  Indians,  and  he  with  250  of  his  men  were 
surrounded  and  killed  to  a  man  by  at  least  some  3,000  Sioux  war- 
riors. The  bands  of  Sitting  Bull,  Crazy  Horse,  and  other  hostiles 


62  ]  CHE-CAU-GOU 

afterward  fled  into  Canada,  and  from  whence  they  did  not  return 
for  some  years.  Eventually  all  came  into  the  agencies. 

1 876-1 879 — War  with  Northern  Cheyenne  Indians  in  Indian 
Territory,  Kansas,  Wyoming,  Dakota,  Nebraska,  and  Montana. 

1877 — Nez  Perce  Indian  war  in  Utah,  May  14  to  October  1. 

1878 — Bannock  Indian  war  in  Idaho,  Washington  Territory, 
and  Wyoming  Territory. 

1878 — Bannock  and  Piute  campaign,  May  30  to  September  4. 

1 878-1 879 — Campaign  against  Cheyenne  Indians  in  Dakota  and 
Montana. 

1879 — Ute  expedition,  Colorado,  April  3  to  September  9. 

1879 — Snake  or  Sheepeater  Indian  troubles,  Idaho,  August  to 
October. 

1879 — White  River  campaign  against  Ute  Indians  in  Utah  and 
Colorado,  September  29  to  October  5. 

1 890-1 891 — Sioux  Indian  disturbances  in  South  Dakota,  Novem- 
ber, 1890,  to  January,  1891. 

1898 — Chippewa  Indian  disturbances,  Leech  Lake,  October. 

Our  Indian  wars  are  apparently  a  thing  of  the  past,  but  the  record 
shows  that  they  were  going  on  pretty  constantly  for  over  100  years. 

The  increasing  arrivals  of  the  whites,  and  their  superior  intelli- 
gence in  methods  of  warfare  drove  the  Indians  back  and  eventually 
confined  to  limited  reservations,  those  who  were  not  killed. 

Much  land  was  obtained  through  negotiating  treaties  with  the 
Indians  to  move  off  to  special  reservations.  By  the  treaty  of  Green- 
ville in  1795,  six  square  miles,  where  the  site  of  Chicago  was  Located, 
was  given  up,  the  Indians  agreeing  to  take  three  cents  an  acre.  But 
it  was  sixty-three  years  afterward  that  the  Indians  received  their  pay. 

But  to  the  vast  area  of  lands  to  the  Mississippi  they  did  not  give 
up  until  1833,  and  then  were  ordered  removed  to  their  reservation 
in  the  Indian  Territory.  In  1835  tneY  were  Pa^  ^or  tne  ^ast  time  m 
Chicago,  their  annuity.  When  they  sold  their  lands,  some  of  the 
Chiefs  agreed  that  they  would  move  to  Kansas  in  1838  with  their 
people,  and  now  when  the  time  approached,  all  were  notified  to 
move;  including  Chief  Menominee  and  Chief  Pokagon.  After  the 
order  had  been  received  it  was  discussed  in  Council.  Menominee, 
then  a  stately  man  of  seventy,  arose  and  with  commanding  dignity 
delivered  an  oration  in  the  peculiar  Indian  manner.  He  refused  to 
obey. 

"Members  of  the  Council :  The  President  does  not  know  the  truth. 
He,  like  me,  has  been  imposed  upon.  He  does  not  know  that  you 


CHE-CAU-GOU  [63 

made  my  young  Chiefs  drunk  and  got  their  consent  and  pretended 
to  get  mine.  He  does  not  know  that  I  have  refused  to  sell  my  lands, 
and  still  refuse.  He  would  not,  by  force,  drive  me  from  my  home, 
the  graves  of  my  tribe,  and  of  my  children  who  have  gone  to  the 
Great  Spirit,  nor  allow  you  to  tell  me  your  braves  would  take  me 
tied  like  a  dog,  if  he  knew  the  truth.  My  brother,  the  President,  is 
just,  but  he  listens  to  the  word  of  your  Chiefs,  who  have  lied,  and  when 
he  knows  the  truth  he  will  leave  me  to  my  own.  I  have  not  sold  my 
lands!  I  will  not  sell  them!  I  have  not  signed  any  treaty!  And  I  will 
not  sign  any!  I  am  not  going  to  leave  my  lands!  And  I  don't  want  to 
hear  anything  more  about  it!" 

But  nevertheless,  Governor  Wallace  called  out  volunteers  and 
marched  the  Indians  by  force  to  Kansas. 

J.  Fenimore  Cooper,  in  his  book  "The  Last  of  the  Mohicans" 
closes  with  these  words:  "In  the  midst  of  the  awful  stillness  with 
which  such  a  burst  of  feeling,  coming  as  it  did  from  the  two  most 
renowned  warriors  of  that  region,  was  received,  Tamenund  lifted  his 
voice  to  disperse  the  multitude: 

u  cIt  is  enough,'  he  said.  'Go,  children  of  the  Lanape,  the  anger  of 
the  Manitou  is  not  done.  Why  should  Tamenund  stay  ?  The  pale-faces 
are  masters  of  the  earth,  and  the  time  of  the  red  men  has  not  yet 
come  again.  My  day  has  been  too  long. 

"  Tn  the  morning  I  saw  the  sons  of  Unamis  happy  and  strong; 
and  yet,  before  the  night  has  come,  have  I  lived  to  see  the  last 
warrior  of  the  wise  race  of  the  Mohicans.'  " 


CHAPTER  V 

<y    EDUCATION    AND    CITIZENSHIP 

"^JEARLY  a  century  has  elapsed  since  the  United  States  Govern- 
^  ^  ment  established  the  Bureau  of  Indian  Affairs  to  protect  the 
dependents  and  wards  of  the  nation,  and  mete  out  some  degree  of 
justice  to  those  originally  possessed  of  the  land.  On  June  30,  1923, 
there  was  an  Indian  population  of  344,303,  of  which  803  were 
Pottawatomi  at  the  Pottawatomi  agency  in  Kansas,  379  Pottawa- 
tomi  at  Leona  in  Wisconsin,  a  few  other  Pottawatomi  in  Michigan 
not  under  agency,  and  2,227  citizen  Pottawatomi  in  Oklahoma. 

Two  hundred  and  twenty-nine  Indian  schools  have  been  estab- 
lished. Among  the  leading  ones  is  the  United  States  Vocational 
School  at  Phoenix,  Arizona,  and  the  Sherman  Institute  at  Riverside, 
California.  Ceramic  art  and  industries,  metal,  wood,  root,  fibre  and 
seed  crafts  have  been  studied,  as  well  as  animal  industries. 

In  educating  the  Indians,  the  fact  is  more  and  more  recognized, 
that  the  Indian,  in  his  tribal  state,  was  not  without  a  system  of 
education  suited  to  his  needs.  The  young  men  were  trained  in  ad- 
venture, endurance,  and  skill.  The  young  women  were  trained  in 
making  the  camp  and  in  keeping  it  in  order,  in  providing  fuel,  and 
in  tanning  and  dressing  skins  and  making  them  into  articles  of 
clothing.  In  other  words,  the  Indian  youth  was  taught  the  things 
he  needed  to  know  in  order  to  protect  himself  and  to  provide  for 
his  physical  needs  with  due  regard  to  the  prevailing  conditions  of 
his  environment.  While  the  chief  aim  of  his  education  was  to  enable 
him  to  get  a  living,  just  as  the  chief  aim  of  our  education  is  to  give 
us  knowledge  and  the  ability  to  make  a  living,  still  we  should  not 
overlook  the  fact  that  the  Indians'  system  of  education  did  not 
neglect  cultural  training.  His  tribal  ceremonies,  tribal  lore,  tribal 
art,  tribal  handicrafts,  and  his  native  music  are  all  evidences  of  his 
appreciation  of  the  cultural  side  of  life.  While  he  constantly  empha- 
sized the  individualistic  point  of  view,  he  also  pursued  cultural 
occupations  for  the  satisfaction  they  afforded;  he  developed  skill  and 
courage  for  the  purpose  of  advancing  his  personal  standing  in  the 
tribe;  and  he  acquired  a  knowledge  of  tribal  ceremonies  for  the  sake 
of  individual  salvation  and  influence  over  others. 

This  individual  aim  of  education  was  necessarily  narrow  and 
selfish.  It  tended  to  subordinate  the  welfare  of  the  whole  to  the 
advancement  of  the  individual.  The  progress  of  the  tribe  as  a  whole 
was  not  definitely  planned  and  sought.  The  Indian  under  his  tribal 
organization  did  not  reach  the  state  of  conscious  evolution.  He  was 


CHE-CAU-GOU  [65 

content  to  pursue  the  even  tenor  of  his  way  with  little  thought  of 
social  progress  or  efficiency. 

In  our  policy  of  absorbing  the  Indian  into  the  body  politic  of  the 
Nation,  the  aim  of  his  education  must  be  broad  enough  to  include 
both  the  welfare  of  the  individual  and  the  good  of  society.  We  must 
also  take  into  account  the  development  of  those  abilities  with  which 
he  is  peculiarly  endowed  and  which  have  come  down  to  him  as  a 
racial  heritage — his  religion,  art,  deftness  of  hand,  and  his  sensitive, 
esthetic  temperament. 

The  course  of  study  for  Indian  schools  provides,  through  its 
prevocational  and  vocational  courses,  for  educating  the  Indian 
youth  along  practical  lines.  The  best  part  of  all  human  knowledge 
has  come  through  the  five  senses — the  sense  of  sight,  hearing, 
taste,  smell,  and  touch — and  the  most  important  part  of  education 
has  always  been  the  training  of  those  senses  through  which  that 
best  part  of  knowledge  comes.  The  faculty  of  accurate  observation, 
the  acquisition  of  skill  in  doing,  and  the  habit  of  careful  observation, 
reflection,  and  measured  reasoning  are  best  acquired  through  the 
proper  training  of  the  senses.  The  opportunity  enjoyed  by  the  man 
on  a  farm  for  training  eye,  ear,  and  mind;  the  discipline  and  motor 
training  of  the  fundamental  trades,  such  as  those  of  the  carpenter, 
blacksmith,  mason,  painter,  plumber,  etc.,  for  boys;  and  practical 
courses  in  domestic  science,  domestic  art,  housekeeping,  hospital 
nursing,  etc.,  for  girls,  are  recognized  by  the  leading  educators  of 
the  day  as  affording  the  best  training  possible  for  secondary  schools, 
and  they  are  characteristic  features  of  the  curriculum  for  Indian 
schools. 

The  Hon.  Franklin  K.  Lane,  Secretary  of  the  Interior,  says, 
"Adaptation  to  new  environment  comes  from  education  through 
experience,"  and  for  the  Indians  "the  way  out,  is  gradually  and 
wisely  to  put  the  Indian  out."  And  a  civilized  Yakima  Indian  says, 
"We  will  never  better  our  conditions  whilewe  are  wards  of  the  nation!" 

So  by  all  means  get  them  out! 

Office  of  Indian  Affairs 
Bulletin  20.  (1922) 

INDIAN  CITIZENSHIP 

The  Act  of  April  9,  1866  (14  Stat.  L.,  27),  new  section  1992  of  the 
United  States  Revised  Statutes  provides  that  "All  persons  born  in 
the  United  States  and  not  subject  to  any  foreign  power,  excluding 
Indians  not  taxed,  are  declared  to  be  citizens  of  the  United  States." 

The  question  of  citizenship  is  as  a  general  rule  an  individual 
one  to  determine  which  the  facts  in  each  particular  case  must  be 
considered.  There  are  a  number  of  different  ways  by  which  Indians 


66]  CHE-CAU-GOU 

have  become  or  may  now  become  citizens.  Some  of  the  most  im- 
portant are  as  follows: 

1.  Treaty  Provision — In  some  of  the  treaties  or  agreements 
with  certain  tribes  of  Indians,  provision  was  made  whereby  Indians 
desiring  to  become  citizens  might  become  such  by  complying  with 
certain  prescribed  formalities  somewhat  similar  to  those  required  of 
aliens.  For  example,  see  Articles  13,  17,  and  28  of  the  Treaty  of 
February  23,  1867,  with  various  bands  or  tribes  of  Indians  (15 
Stat.  L.,  513). 

2.  Allotment  Under  the  Act  of  February  8,  1887 — In  the 
Act  of  February  8,  1887  (24  Stat.,  388)  Congress  provided  for  the 
allotment  of  land  to  the  Indians  in  severalty  and  in  Section  6  thereof, 
declared  that  Indians  so  allotted  should  become  citizens  of  the  United 
States  and  of  the  State  in  which  they  reside.  (See  the  language  of 
the  Act.) 

3.  Issuance  of  Patent  in  Fee  Simple — In  the  Act  of  May  8, 
1906  (34  Stat.,  182),  Congress  amended  the  Act  of  February  8, 1887, 
so  as  to  postpone  citizenship  on  Indians  thereafter  allotted  until 
after  a  patent  in  fee  simple  had  been  issued  to  said  Indians.  Provision 
was  also  made  whereby  patent  in  fee  might  be  issued  by  the  Secre- 
tary of  the  Interior  to  competent  Indians  before  the  expiration  of  the 
twenty-five  year  trust  period.  Therefore  Indians  whose  trust 
patents  are  dated  subsequent  to  May  8,  1906,  and  who  have  also 
received  patents  in  fee  simple  have  become  citizens  under  said  Act 
of  May   8,   1906. 

4.  Adopting  Habits  of  Civilized  Life — Section  6  of  the  Act  of 
February  8,  1887,  both  before  and  after  its  amendment  of  May  8, 
1906,  provided:  "That  every  Indian  born  within  the  territorial 
limits  of  the  United  States  who  has  voluntarily  taken  up  within  said 
limits  his  residence,  separate  and  apart  from  any  tribe  of  Indians 
therein;  and  has  adopted  the  habits  of  civilized  life  is  hereby  de- 
clared to  be  a  citizen  of  the  United  States,  and  is  entitled  to  all  the 
rights,  privileges,  and  immunities  of  such  citizens,  whether  said 
Indian  has  been  or  not,  by  birth  or  otherwise,  a  member  of  any 
tribe  of  Indians  within  the  territorial  limits  of  the  United  States, 
without  in  any  manner  impairing  or  otherwise  affecting  the  rights 
of  any  such  Indian  to  tribal  or  other  property." 

5.  Minor  Children — The  Solicitor  of  this  department  has  held 
that  where  Indian  parents  became  citizens  upon  allotment,  their 
minor  children  became  citizens  with  them,  and  that  children  born 
subsequent  thereto  were  born  to  citizenship. 

6.  Citizenship  by  Birth — (a)  An  Indian  child  born  in  the 
United   States   of  citizen    Indian   parents   is   born    to   citizenship. 


CHE-CAU-GOU  [67 

(b)  Legitimate  children   born  of  an   Indian   woman   and   a  white 
citizen  father  are  born  to  citizenship. 

7.  Soldiers  and  Sailors — Congress  in  the  Act  of  November 
6,  1919,  provided  that  Indian  soldiers  and  sailors  who  served  in  the 
recent  World  War  and  who  have  been  honorably  discharged  may  be 
granted  citizenship  by  courts  of  competent  jurisdiction.  (See  Circu- 
lars Nos.  1587  and  1618.) 

8.  Marriage — The  Act  of  August  9,  1888  (25  Stat.  L.,  392), 
provided  that  Indian  women  who  married  citizens  of  the  United 
States  thereby  become  citizens  of  the  United  States.  This  provision 
is  apparently  inconsistent  with  the  Act  of  September  22,  1922,  and 
would  probably  be  held  to  have  been  repealed  by  the  latter  Act, 
though  specifically  mentioned  therein.  Marriages  coming  within  the 
Act  of  August  9,  1888,  and  consummated  before  the  passage  of  the 
Act  of  September  22,  1922,  would  not,  of  course,  be  affected  by  the 
later  Act. 

9.  Special  Act  of  Congress — Sometimes  Congress  makes  pro- 
vision for  a  particular  tribe  of  Indians  or  a  particular  group  of 
Indians  to  become  citizens.  For  instance: 

(a)  In  the  Act  of  March  3,  1901  (31  Stat.  L.,  1447),  provision  was 
made  for  the  extension  of  citizenship  to  the  Indians  in  the  "Indian 
Territory"  by  amending  Section  6  of  the  Act  of  February  8,  1887 
(24  Stat.  L.,  388).  It  should  be  observed,  however,  that  in  the  Act 
of  May  8,  1906  (34  Stat.  L.,  182),  amending  said  Section  6,  the 
language,  "and  every  Indian  in  the  Indian  Territory,"  was  not 
included. 

(b)  In  the  Act  of  March  3,  1921  (41  Stat.  L.,  1249-50),  citizen- 
ship was  extended  to  all  members  of  the  Osage  Tribe  of  Indians. 

The  above  is  not  intended  to  be  a  complete  list  of  the  acts  of 
Congress  involving  the  citizenship  of  Indians,  as  there  are  a  number 
of  other  laws  including  those  affecting  particular  tribes,  but  it  is 
believed  the  foregoing  list  or  statement  is  sufficient  to  give  a  general 
idea  of  the  main  principles  or  rules  involved  in  the  determination  of 
whether  or  not  a  particular  Indian  is  a  citizen. 


PART  III 

THE  FOUNDING  OF  A  CITY  AND  HER 
MAGICAL  GROWTH 


CHAPTER  I 

THE    BABY   IS    BORN    AND   CHE-CAU-GOU    WAS   HER    NAME 

BEFORE  the  city  was  founded  it  was  given  the  name  of  Che-cau- 
gou  by  the  Illinois  Indians,  the  same  parent  stem  as  the  Miami. 
This  name  was  also  given  quite  indiscriminately  to  the  three  great 
rivers,  as  Divine  rivers,  to  the  Mississippi,  the  Illinois,  and  the  Ohio. 
It  is  derived  from  Ka-gou,  something  great,  with  the  prefix  get-che. 
It  was  also  given  to  a  noted  Sac  chief  or  "he  that  stands  by  the  tree." 
The  following  is  a  list  meaning  the  same,  but  well  differentiated 
in  the  spelling: 


Che- 

ca-  gow 

Che- 

ca-  gou 

Che- 

ca-  gu 

Che- 

ka-  gou 

She- 

gaw-go 

She- 

gog-ong 

Chu- 

ca-    goa 

Chu- 

ca-    gua 

Chi- 

ka-  gu 

Chi- 

ka-  gou 

Chi- 

ca-  gu 

Chi- 

co-  gue 

Chi- 

ca-  gua 

Choc- 

ca-  go 

Chi- 

cau-gou 

Chi- 

ca-  gou 

d  finally  resulting  in 

CHI- 

CA-  GO 

I  find  no  foundation  for  the  story  that  Che-cau-gou  was  synony- 
mous with  She-kung,  a  skunk,  or  in  the  Ojibway  language,  skunk- 
weed,  garlic  or  wild  onion.  This  animal  and  the  strong-smelling 
vegetables  may  have  been  powerful  in  odor,  but  not  Ka-gou,  great. 

The  Miami  were  the  original  population  in  1699,  an(^  now  manv 
centuries  back  of  that  we  do  not  know,  but  what  was  left  of  them  in 
1840  were  removed  to  the  reservation  in  Kansas.  Tradition  has  it 
that  a  tribe  of  Indians,  the  Mascoutens,  were  the  first  people  that 
camped  out  on  the  site  of  Chicago,  quite  probably  in  a  nomadic 
manner.  They  originally  lived  beyond  the  Mississippi  and  some 
claim  their  home  was  once  on  the  shores  of  the  Pacific. 


7  2  J  CHE-CAU-GOU 

In  1779,  the  first  "white  man"  settled  in  Chicago,  but  he  was  a 
negro,  or  rather  a  mulatto,  Baptiste  Point  De  Saible,  from  San 
Domingo,  who  came  up  from  what  how  is  Peoria,  and  erected  the 
first  cabin  at  Che-cau-gou.  He  was  "a  trader,  pretty  wealthy  and 
drank  freely."  He  occupied  this  cabin  for  sixteen  years  and  sold 
it  to  La  Mai  in  1796.  In  1804  La  Mai  sold  it  to  John  Kinzie  (who  in 
1800  was  stationed  at  St.  Joseph,  Michigan),  who  lived  there  until 
1827,  except  in  1812  to  1816,  during  the  destruction  and  rebuilding 
of  Fort  Dearborn.  The  original  fort  was  built  in  1803  by  Capt. 
Whistler,  who  ordered  his  company  from  Detroit.  When  he  arrived 
there,  there  were  only  four  cabins  (La  Mai,  Ouilmette,  Pettitt,  and 
Wm.  Burnett). 

Under  the  Treaty  of  Greenville,  Aug.  3,  1795,  signed  by  Gen. 
Wayne  at  Fort  Wayne,  which  remained  unbroken  until  181 1,  when 
the  battle  of  Tippecanoe  was  won  by  General  Harrison,  there  was 
ceded  "One  piece  of  land  54  miles  square  at  the  mouth  of  Chicago 
River,  emptying  into  the  southwest  end  of  Lake  Michigan,  where  a 
fort  formerly  stood,"  by  the  Pottawatomi,  a  warlike  race  of  Indians, 
who  came  in  canoes  from  the  north,  and  drove  out  the  Miami  and 
the  Illinois,  who  were  defeated  at  Starved  Rock. 


CHAPTER  II 

THE   WINDY  TRADING   POST 

BECOMES  A   PRAIRIE   CITY  AND  CHANGES 

HER  COGNOMEN  TO  CHICAGO 

IT  WAS  not  because  of  the  prevailing  freshness  of  Lake 
Michigan  breezes,  or  of  the  wide-sweeping,  health-giving 
streams  of  ozone  over  the  flat  and  billowy  prairies  of  Illinois, 
that  gave  Chicago  the  name  of  the  "Windy  City." 

When  the  smug  Puritan  Yankees  of  Boston  and  the  broad- 
brimmed  Quakers  of  Philadelphia,  in  their  long  rows  of  two- 
story  brick  houses,  learned  in  1832  that  an  old  frontier  trading 
post  at  "Che-cau-gou,"  had  expanded  from  the  one  cabin  of 
John  Kinzie  with  five  persons,  to  the  full  fledged  town  Chicago 
with  five  or  six  log  houses,  and  an  army  stockade,  dubbed  Fort 
Dearborn,  with  real  soldiers  and  guns,  and  with  a  combined 
population  of  350,  a  gain  in  five  years  of  700  per  cent,  they 
wouldn't  believe  it,  and  this  they  charged  as  all  braggadocio 
and  wind,  but  the  breezes  have  kept  up  with  the  onrush  of 
immigration,  trade  and  traffic,  although  quite  to  the  astonish- 
ment of  this  Indian,  I,  Onkwe  Ganinwari,  who  makes  affidavit 
as  Grand  Sachem  of  the  Pottawatomi,  that  it  was  more  than 
"windy,"  in  short  it  was  howling  mad. 

Civic  authority  at  the  Trading  Post  began  in  1823,  when 
it  was  part  of  Fulton  County,  in  the  southern  part  of  Illinois. 
In  1825  it  became  detached  and  then  belonged  to  Peoria 
County,  in  the  central  part  of  the  state.  Later  it  belonged  to 
Cook  County,  which  was  newly  organized  in  1831. 

The  Illinois  and  Michigan  Canal  Company  obtained  its 
land  grant,  and  the  commissioners  were  authorized  to  lay  out 
the  Original  Town  of  Chicago,  which  was  platted  August  4, 
1830,  as  section  nine,  which  was  just  north  of  school  section  16, 
and  the  Fort  Dearborn  Settlement  disappeared. 

The  first  United  States  Post-office  was  established  in  1830. 
The  first  election  of  Trustees  was  held  August  10,  1833,  28 
electors  voting,  of  whom  13  ran  for  office! 

The  United  States  Indian  Agency  was  established  in  18 16, 
John  Kinzie  sole  agent.  He  was  the  Father  of  Chicago.  He 
died  January  6,  1828,  and  is  buried  in  Graceland  Cemetery. 
The  Massacre  of  Fort  Dearborn  occurred  August  15,  18 12, 
when  the  Fort  was  evacuated. 


74  ]  CHE-CAU-GOU 

Chicago  became  a  City  March  4,  1837.  It  consisted  of 
six  wards,  with  a  total  vote  of  709,  no  women  eligible  for  voting. 
Wm.  B.  Ogden  was  its  first  Mayor.  In  1844  was  published  the 
first  City  Directory;  in  it  were  the  names  of  33  Smiths,  19  Browns, 
18  Johnsons,  12  Jones,  7  Kings,  5  Youngs,  4  Murphys,  1  Sheriff, 
1  Shoemaker,  1  Leg,  1  Lawless,  1  Row,  1  Rattle,  1  Tarbox,  1  Tew, 
1  Snook,  1  Vial,  1  Yard,  1  Winegar,  1  Wiggins,  1  Waughop,  1  Too- 
good,  1  Sofftze,  1  Zigler,  1  Van  Drezar,  1  Van  Sickle,  1  Landerviner, 
1  Kantenburgher,  1  Brooksoponedt  and  1  Kennekerbacker! 

Among  the  distinguished  pioneers,  the  following  names  are  con- 
spicuous either  for  their  well  established  industries,  their  great 
wealth,  for  those  early  days,  their  legal  lore,  their  political  promi- 
nence, or  common  popularity: 

Wm.  B.  Ogden,  First  Mayor. 

"Long  John"  Wentworth,  Ex-Mayor 

Hon.  Isaac  N.  Arnold,  M.  C. 

John  H.  Kinzie,  Indian  Agent. 

Archibald  Clybourne,  Butcher. 

Silas  B.  Cobb,  Harnessmaker. 

Charles  Cleaver,  Candlemaker. 

Isaac  Cook,  Post  Master. 

George  Smith,  Scotch  Banker. 

Jonathan  Young  Scammon,  Lawyer. 

Mark  Skinner,  Attorney. 

Horatio  O.  Stone,  Real  Estate. 

Mahlon  D.  Ogden,  Real  Estate. 

Buckner  S.  Morris,  Rebel  Sympathizer. 

A.  N.  Fullerton,  built  Fullerton  Block. 

Ezekiel  and  James  M.  Morison,  Carpenters. 

Julian  P.  Rumsey,  Grain  Merchant. 

Philetus  W.  Gates,  Manufacturer. 

P.  F.  W.  Peck,  Capitalist. 

Norman  B.  Judd,  Philo  Carpenter,  Orson  Smith,  Grant  Goodrich 

and  Hugh  T.  Dickey,  Public  Spirited  Citizens. 


CHAPTER  III 

THF.    PORTAGE    BECOMES   A    RAGING   CANAL  AND   LATER   ON    KICKS 
THE   TRACES    AND    FLOWS    BACKWARD 

THE  Portage  at  the  mouth  of  the  river  was  called  by  Chevalier 
La  Salle,  the  great  explorer,  the  channel,  being  in  fact  our  little 
Chicago  River,  which  had  its  source  just  east  of  the  Des  Plaines 
which  ran  into  the  Illinois.  The  land  portion  of  this  so'called  portage 
was  very  short  and  quite  low,  so  that  in  an  overflow  of  the  Des 
Plaines,  the  waters  thereof  would  break  through  and  run  into  the 
Chicago  river,  and  thence  into   Lake  Michigan. 

At  one  time  a  disastrous  overflow  did  occur,  which  increased  the 
waters  of  the  little  river  many  fold,  and  caused  volumes  of  filth  and 
sewage  to  spread  out  into  the  lake,  thus  endangering  the  city's  water 
supply  that  came  through  the  lake  cribs,  although  distant  from  the 
shore  four  miles  or  more. 

Thereupon  Chicago  determined  to  make  that  pesky  little  river 
flow  backward  and  to  send  the  whole  current  down  the  Illinois  and 
Michigan  Canal  past  Lockport  and  Joliet  to  the  Illinois  River,  and 
into  the  Mississippi.  The  old  pumping  works  were  thrown  out,  and 
the  lake  water  is  now  flowing  unimpeded  to  St.  Louis  and  beyond,  at 
the  rate  of  10,000  gallons  a  second.  But  it  cost  $40,000,000  to  do  it — a 
mere  bagetelle,  when  compared  with  its  value  for  health,  and  for 
unrestricted  navigation  for  ships,  tugs,  and  canal  boats. 


CHAPTER  IV 

CIVIL     WAR,     PANICS,     BIG     FIRES,     RIOTS     AXD     STRIKES 
RUFFLE     HER     CHILDHOOD 

/^HICAGO  was  a  pretty  precocious  youngster,  and  just  when  she 
^-^  emerged  from  childhood  is  quite  uncertain.  But  the  very  year 
she  became  a  city,  the  terrible  Panic  of  1837  occurred  and  twenty 
years  afterwafds,  the  greater  one  of  1857.  From  the  first,  the  re- 
covery was  slow;  from  the  second,  she  had  a  stimulus  in  the  great 
Civil  War,  i86i-6<,  which  brought  on  an  inflated  currency,  high 
prices,  and  for  the  time,  apparent  prosperity,  but  some  won  and 
more  lost  in  these  tumultuous  uncertainties. 

But  the  Great  Fire  of  1871  almost  put  an  end  to  her;  the  whole 
world  almost,  rushed  to  her  assistance,  so  she  revived,  and  pushed 
ahead  with  renewed  pluck  and  courage. 

Then  came  the  strikes  of  the  teamsters,  the  railroad  men,  the 
barbers, thebutchersand  bakers  and  the  candlestick-makers, all  under 
the  supposed  beneficent  rule  of  the  American  Federation  of  Labor, 
who  foster  closed  shop  monopolies  and  upset  the  law  of  supply  and 
demand,  and  ride  roughshod  over  the  rights  of  the  innocent  public. 

Then  came  racial  riots  "for  a  little  fun  now  and  then, "which  were 
quickly  subdued  by  the  good  behavior  of  our  leading  gentlemen  of 
color,  and  an  efficient  police. 

If  now,  the  pavroll  robbers,  the  labor  sluggers,  and  gun  toters, 
the  beer  runners  and  the  bootleggers,  the  kidnapers  and  the 
criminal  classes  generally  can  be  quieted,  or  what  is  better,  cleaned 
out  of  the  city,  peace  and  tranquillity  will  prevail  and  no  longer 
ruffle  the  temper  of  our  good  people.  Even  the  wild  heckling  of  La 
Follette  will  pass  unnoticed. 


CHAPTER  V 

SHE  EMERGES  FROM  THE  GLOOM  AND  WITH   "i  WILL" 
AS  HER  SLOGAN  MARCHES    AHEAD 

THE  next  period  of  our  history  dates  from  the  Chicago  Fire  of  1 87 1 . 
It  is  the  period  of  some  modern  "Three  R's"  and  more  fully 
stated,  Resuscitation,  Renaissance,  Rebuilding.  This  period  culmi- 
nated in  that  wonderful  achievement,  the  World's  Columbian 
Exposition  at  Jackson  Park  in  1893. 

W.  D.  Kerfoot  built  the  first  office  structure  in  the  Loop  district 
before  the  ashes  of  the  ruins  had  fairly  cooled.  It  was  a  one-story 
frame  shanty  of  one  room!  A  sign  over  the  entrance  read:  "Every- 
thing gone,  except  wife,  children  and  energy."  The  City  of  Chicago 
echoed  this  sentiment  in  the  slogan  "I  Will"  and  she  is  still  acting 
upon  it  with  unabated  courage  and  efficiency. 


CHAPTER  VI 

SOME    FAMOUS    PEOPLE    OF    THE    TOWN 

I 

WILLIAM  BUTLER  OGDEN  was  the  first  Mayor  of  Chicago, 
born  June  15,  1805,  in  the  village  of  Walton,  on  the  Delaware 
River,  in  Delaware  County,  New  York.  The  story  was  told  by  Hon. 


William  Butler  Ogden 


Isaac  N.  Arnold,  M.  C,  that  a  lady  born  to  affluence,  but  reduced  to 
poverty,  asked  Mr.  Odgen  how  her  sons  could  hope  to  earn  a  living. 
His  reply  was:  ''Madame,  don't  have  the  least  concern.  If  your  sons 
are  healthy,  and  willing  to  work,  they  will  find  enough  to  do,  and  if 


CHE-CAU-GOU  L79 

they  cannot  begin  at  the  top  let  them  begin  at  the  bottom,  and  very 
likely  they  will  be  all  the  better  for  it.  I  was  born  close  by  a  sawmill, 
was  early  left  an  orphan,  was  cradled  in  a  sugar  trough,  christened 
in  a  millpond,  graduated  at  a  log  school  house  and  at  fourteen 
fancied  I  could  do  anything  I  turned  my  hand  to,  and  that 
nothing  was  impossible,  and  ever  since,  Madame,  I  have  been  trying 
to  prove  it,  and  with  some  success."  Mr.  Ogden  was  a  man  of 
education,  intelligence,  and  refinement,  of  noble  character  and  com- 
manding abilities,  of  broad  and  enlightened  views,  of  unflinching 
courage,  coolness  in  times  of  danger,  rare  presence  of  mind  in 
emergencies,  decision,  a  constitution  of  iron,  great  physical  strength, 
executive  power  of  a  high  order,  a  bold  spirit,  and  unerring  sagacity, 
a  faith  in  his  own  judgment,  and  an  unbending  will  to  carry  through 
to  completion  and  against  all  opposition,  anything  he  undertook. 

He  was  of  courtly  and  polished  manners,  one  of  those  sympathic 
natures  that  brought  gladness  into  every  circle  he  entered.  His  smile 
was  like  the  sunshine  to  the  landscape.  He  developed  and  brought 
into  action  whatever  was  good  in  those  with  whom  he  associated. 
His  nature  was  an  inspiration  and  a  stimulant.  He  brightened  the 
path  of  everyone  with  whom  he  walked.  No  one  entered  his  presence 
who  was  not  made  happier,  and  made  to  think  better  of  themselves 
and  of  others,  of  life  and  humanity. 


John  Wentworth  was  a  famous  Mayor  of  Chicago,  several  times 
Member  of  Congress,  a  Police  Commissioner,  Member  of  the  Board 
of  Education,  Editor  for  twenty-five  years  of  the  Chicago  Democrat, 
an  LL.  D.,  and  with  a  height  of  six  feet  four  inches,  and  a  weight  of 
three  hundred  pounds,  quite  well  entitled  to  the  name  of  "Long 
John."  He  was  born  March  5,  1 815,  at  Sandwich,  Strafford  County, 
New  Hampshire;  graduated  at  Dartmouth  College  in  1831,  and  the 
same  year,  on  October  25,  arrived  in  Chicago.  His  grandfather  was  a 
member  of  the  Continental  Congress  and  bore  the  name  of  John 
Wentworth,  Junior.  He  was  a  statesman  and  an  astute  politician. 
His  famous  slogan  was  "Liberty  and  Economy."  He  had  an  in- 
flexible character  and  untiring  energy,  and  a  long  career  of  service 
in  the  economical  expenditure  of  public  money. 

3 

Joseph  Medill  was  the  Mayor  who  built  up  Chicago  after  the 
Great  Fire  of  1 871  had  almost  destroyed  it.  He  was  the  son  of  Irish 
parents,  born  April  6,  1823,  at  New  Brunswick,  near  St.  Johns.  He 
moved  to  a  farm  near  Massillon,  Stark  County,  Ohio,  and  after 
obtaining  an  academic  education  and  teaching  at  times,  engaged  in 


8o 


CHE-CAL'-GOU 


"Long  John"  Wentworth 


CHE-CAU-GOU 


8l 


the  study  of  law.  He  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1846  and  in  1849 
became  editor  of  the  Coshocton  Republican,  a  Free  Soil  and  Whig 
paper.  He  moved  to  Cleveland  in  1852  and  established  the  Daily 
Forest  City,  subsequently  merged  into  the  Cleveland  Leader,  and 
in  1 855  purchased  the  Chicago  Tribune.  He  was  its  managing  editor, 


Carter  Henry  Harrison 


and  triumphantly  directed  its  political  and  financial  policies.  It  has 
become  one  of  the  most  prosperous  as  well  as  most  powerful  journals 
in  America  and  at  its  head  appears  the  oft  repeated  words  'The 
World's  Greatest  Newspaper." 


Carter  H.  Harrison,  Senior,  and  Carter  H.  Harrison,  Junior,  are 
what  might  be  termed  a  Mayoralty  Dynasty.  Carter  H.  I  was  born 
near  Lexington,  Kentucky, February  15,  1825.  He  was  left  an  orphan 


82]  CHE-CAU-GOU 

at  eight  months.  His  home  was  a  log  house  and  it  is  said  his  first 
cradle  was  a  new  sugar  trough.  In  1845  ^e  graduated  at  Yale.  In 
1855  he  came  to  Chicago.  He  entered  into  the  regular  practice  of  law, 
but  confined  his  efforts  entirely  to  real-estate  transactions. 

His  great-great  grandfather  was  an  ancestor  of  President  William 
Henry  Harrison.  His  grandfather  a  cousin  of  Thos.  Jefferson,  and 
he  himself  a  cousin  of  John  C.  Breckenbridge.  He  was  not  in 
politics  until  1870,  when  elected  to  the  Board  of  County  Com- 
missioners. In  1874  he  was  elected  a  Member  of  Congress.  In  1879 
elected  Mayor  of  Chicago,  and  held  office  for  five  consecutive  terms. 

He  was  in  active  political  life  for  fourteen  years  and  a  widely 
known  public  character  in  the  country.  He  was  a  brilliant  orator,  an 
extensive  reader  and  quite  a  world  traveller. 

Carter  H.  II  was  born  April  23,  1 860,  in  Chicago.  He  graduated  at 
Yale  Law  School,  LL.  B.,  in  1883.  He  married  Edith  Odgen,  Dec. 
14,  1887.  He  was  atone  time  editor  of  the  Chicago  Times.  He  belonged 
to  the  Chicago,  the  Iroquois,  and  the  Saddle  and  Cycle  Clubs,  a 
member  of  the  Masonic  order,  of  the  Sons  of  the  American  Revo- 
lution, Society  of  War  1812,  Society  of  Colonial  Wars  and  an  en- 
thusiastic member  of  the  Huron  Mountain  Hunting  and  Fishing 
Club. 

The  extreme  honor  paid  to  him  and  his  popularity  are  shown  by 
his  election  as  Mayor  of  Chicago  four  consecutive  terms  of  two 
years  each,  1897  to  1905.  He  was  a  Democrat  and  a  politician  of 
extraordinary  good  tact. 


William  Hale  Thompson,  born  May  14,  1869,  in  Boston,  was  one 
of  Chicago's  more  recent  Mayors.  He  was  elected  by  a  tremendous 
majority  on  a  tidal  wave  of  Republicanism.  His  ancestry  was  good, 
his  wealth  large,  and  there  was  reasonable  hope  that  he  would 
have  a  good  administration.  But  it  proved  otherwise.  Taxation  was 
increased,  enormous  experts'  fees  were  extracted  from  the  City 
Treasury.  School  funds  were  heavily  reduced  through  questionable 
payments  to  favored  contractors.  Affiliations  were  made  with  the 
unsavory  State  government  of  Gov.  Small,  and  general  demorali- 
zation occurred,  until  the  Mayor,  who  had  made  himself  President 
of  the  Chicago  Booster  s  Publicity  Club,  declined  to  stand  for 
reelection  and  retreated  in  the  face  of  fire  to  the  role  of  a  private 
citizen.  All  this  came  about,  without  doubt,  to  the  Mayor's  ambition 
to  control  votes,  and  by  this  means  largely  to  keep  his  ascendency 
in  politics.  It  is  said,  at  one  time  he  aspired  to  the  Presidency-  He 
was  evidently  ambitious  to  control  the  German-American  vote  in 
Chicago — so  much  that  at  times  his  loyalty  was  called  in  question. 


CHE-CAU-GOU 


«3 


He  boldly  attacked  the  Chicago  Tribune,  charging  quite  unjustly, 
corruption  in  the  99-year  leasing  of  some  school  property.  He 
built  up  a  strong  political  machine  by  the  aid  of  patronage  in  every 
department,  especially  in  the  Board  of  Education  and  in  the  Board 
of  Local  Improvements.  For  this  purpose,  Fred  Lundin  was  under- 
stood to  be  the  dispenser  of  power  behind  the  scenes.  Ambition  for 
political  preferment  is  quite  com- 
mendable, but  great  care  is  needed 
how  rightly  to  obtain  the  honors. 


James  Hamilton  Lewis,  States- 
man, Diplomat,  Ex-United  States 
Senator,  a  Barrister-at-law,  lead- 
ing light  of  Democracy,  a  favor- 
i  te  son  of  Illinois,  a  blazing  orator, 
a  Beau  Brummel  with  flaming 
whiskers,  and  a  mighty  good 
fellow.  Need  more  be  said? 


Marshall  Field,  the  most 
noted  and  successful  merchant 
of  Chicago,  was  born  August  18, 
1834,  on  his  father's  farm,  known 
as  Field's  Hill,  near  the  village  of 
Conway,Massachusetts.  Hisearly 
ancestorwas  Zechariah  Field, who 
cametOxAmericain  i630,andmade 
a  leap  into  the  dark  among  the 
aborigines  of  the  western  wilder- 
ness. On  one  side  of  the  farm  was  Pumpkin  Hollow,  into  which,  it 
they  became  separated,  the  pumpkins  of  the  hillside  farm  would  roll. 
He  left  the  farm  and  went  to  Pittsfield  in  1852  and  began  clerking 
in  a  general  store  and  remained  there  five  years,  learning  to  become 
a  merchant.  In  1856,  he  came  to  Chicago  with  less  than  a  dollar  in 
his  pocket  and  entered  into  the  employment  of  Cooley  Wadsworth  & 
Co.,  which  soon  after  became  Cooley,  Farwell  &  Co.  In  1 861  he 
became  general  manager  and  junior  partner  in  the  firm.  Levi  Z. 
Leiter  was  later  admitted  and  the  firm  became  Field,  Leiter  &  Co. 
Mr.  Field  had  an  organizing  mind,  which  enabled  him  with  growing 
experience  to  conceive  a  highly  developed  system  and  to  develop 
his  conception  into  a  well  nigh  perfect  organization  which  functioned 
simply,  efficiently,  economically  and  profitably.  He  had  in  an 
eminent  degree  the  New  England  virtues  of  thrift  and  perserverance 


James  Hamilton  Lewis 


84  ]  CHE-CAU-GOU 

a  mind  active,  alert  and  penetrating.  He  was  a  man  of  highest 
integrity.  He  had  a  peculiar  charm  of  manner,  a  geniality  in  social 
intercourse,  never  effusive,  but  always  quiet  and  self-contained. 
He  contributed  liberally  to  institutions  devoted  to  charity,  educa- 
tion and  the  general  welfare,  such  as  the  Free  Public  Library  of 
Conway;  the  Chicago  Historical  Society,  the  Chicago  Manual 
Training  School,  and  more  especially  to  the  University  of  Chicago,  to 
which  he  gave  land  and  money.  His  colossal  gift  was  the  munificent 
endowment  and  maintenance  of  the  Field  Museum  of  Natural 
Historv. 


Harry  G.  Selfridge,  an  American  merchant  in  London,  born  in 
Ripon,  Wisconsin,  January  11, 1858;  a  bank  clerk  in  Jackson,  Mich. 
Came  to  Chicago  in  1879,  as  a  clerk  in  the  store  of  Marshall  Field  & 
Co.,  rapidly  promoted  and  then  manager  and  junior  partner. 

The  advice  of  Horace  Greeley  to  "Go  West,  young  man,"  was 
quite  reversed  and  Selfridge  went  the  other  way.  East  across  the 
Atlantic  to  London,  to  engage  in  running  a  new  shop  in  the  English 
metropolis.  But  at  the  time  it  was  done,  he  had  sold  out  his  Chicago 
interests  and  taken  with  him  a  goodly  pile  of  money  on  which  most 
men  would  have  retired  and  been  content.  But  not  so  Selfridge.  He 
was  aiming,  not  for  more  gold,  but  for  success  in  establishing  the 
par  excellence  Department  Store  of  the  World — an  institution  of 
trade,  the  best  equipped,  the  best  organized  and  the  best  paying,  and 
at  the  present  time  he  bids  fair  to  put  Excelsior  on  his  banner. 

Whether  "time  is  money"  or  not,  Mr.  Selfridge  has  a  mania  for 
the  non-waste  of  time.  Every  minute  must  count  to  some  good  pur- 
pose, x^nd  he  has  his  fads,  one  of  which  was  orchids.  WThile  at  his 
summer  home  in  Lake  Geneva,  Wisconsin,  he  built  several  green- 
houses, and  made,  in  the  course  of  seven  years,  a  collection  of  several 
thousand  plants  of  a  thousand  varieties.  The  most  aristocratic  one 
of  these  patrician  flowers  is  the  "Cattleya  Rose  Selfridge,"  which  is  a 
seedling  from  "Cattleya  W7arnerii"  and  "Laella  Purpurate."  There 
were  two  varieties  said  to  be  extinct  in  their  native  country,  the 
Philippines,  "Incidium  ornithoryuchium  alba"  and  "Vanda  Sand- 
eriana".  Of  the  Cypripedium  (Lady  Slipper)  there  are  several  hun- 
dred specimens.  On  his  leaving  America,  he  gave  the  whole  collection 
to  Lincoln  Park. 

The  "Self-winding"  spirit  is  well  illustrated  in  the  following 
recent  sayings  of  Mr.   Selfridge: 

"Initiative  in  business,  as  in  nearly  everything  else,  means  the 
doing  of  things — the  getting  started.  It  means  the  putting  into  action 
of  a  thought.  It  stands  for  progress,  development,  and  even  achieve- 
ment. 


CH  E-CAU-GOU 


[»5 


"We  have  an  expression  which  we  often  use  in  business  instead 
of  the  word  initiative,  and  that  is  'self-winding.' 


Harry  Gordon  Selfridge 

"One  who  comes  to  business  in  the  morning  prepared  to  begin 
and  carry  out  a  well-thought  out  programme  has  initiative.  He,  or 
she,  is  a  self-winder.  He  does  not  require  to  be  told,  or  shown  how, 


86]  CHE-CAU-GOU 

by  some  overseer.  He  does  it  himself.  But  how  many  are  self-winders? 
How  many  wind  themselves  up  and  start  the  wheels  themselves? 

"Initiative  means  something  more  than  this.  It  means  recogniz- 
ing and  grasping  an  opportunity.  It  means  being  wide  awake.  It 
means  the  willingness  to  assume  responsibility  and  the  determination 
to  fit  oneself  continually  more  and  more  to  carry  that  responsibility 
— that  authority — with  the  greatest  possible  wisdom. 

"Initiative  has  little  sympathy  for  that  old  worn-out  adage,  'Let 
well  enough  alone,'  and  it  objects  in  the  strongest  manner  to  that 
stupid  and  totally  unprogressive  saying,  'What  was  good  enough  for 
my  grandfather  is  good  enough  for  me.'  Initiative  doesn't  say 
'Safety  first.'  It  says  instead,  'I'll  chance  it.'  Initiative  is  never 
satisfied,  for  when  satisfaction  arrives  initiative  has  either  hurried  on 
or  has  stepped  from  activity  into  do-nothingism,  and  has  therefore 
ceased   to   be  initiative. 

"When  the  laziness  in  one's  nature  says,  'W7hy  bother?'  or  'What's 
the  use?'  initiative  says,  'Nonsense!  Of  course  it's  worth  while — 
there's  no  fun  like  work.' 

"We  as  a  people  need  more  initiative.  One  rarely  discovers  a 
person  with  too  much.  We  need,  for  example,  a  stronger  determi- 
nation to  force  the  trade  and  commerce  of  this  country  further  and 
further  afield — to  fill  to  a  point  even  of  absolute  saturation  every 
market  in  the  world  which  is  possibly  open  to  our  products.  We  need 
to  adapt  ourselves  more  completely  to  the  people  with  whom  we 
are  trying  to  trade,  and  initiative  can  as  truly  show  itself  in  these 
as  in  any  other  directions. 

"I  should  like  to  see  every  business  in  this  great  country, 
no  matter  how  large  or  how  small,  geared  up  to  the  top  speed 
of  efficiency.  I  would  applaud  the  development  of  a  great 
fresh  wave  of  initiative  which  would  so  associate  itself  with  British 
trade  and  commerce  as  to  make  that  British  trade  competitive 
to  the  highest  degree.  I  should  enjoy  feeling  that  the  initiative, 
efficiency,  determination,  and  imagination  were  so  wonderfully 
strong  that  the  simple  presence  of  a  representative  of  any  business 
house  of  this  country  at  any  meetings,  in  whatever  corner  of  the 
earth  they  may  be  held,  where  orders  would  be  forthcoming,  would 
ensure  to  his  firm,  or  to  some  firm  in  this  country,  those  orders.  I 
should  delight  to  see  men  of  business  from  all  over  the  world  look 
to  this  country  as  the  one  which  with  the  highest  degree  of  per- 
fection carried  out  the  systems,  the  methods,  the  science,  or  the  fine 
art  of  that  great,  interesting,  fascinating  thing  called  business. 

"To  achieve  this  enviable  position  initiative  must  be  encouraged 
to  the  full." 


CHE-  C  A  U-GOU  [  87 

Another  fad  of  his,  or  more  likely  he  would  call  it  a  recreation, 
was  the  writing  of  a  book,  "The  Romance  of  Commerce." 

Romances  in  general  are  calculated  rather  to  fire  the  imagination 
than  to  inform  the  judgment.  This  book  is  written  in  a  most  fasci- 
nating manner  and  prosaic  trade  is  treated  indeed  like  an  entertain- 
ing novel  or  rojuance.  The  arrangement  of  the  twenty-four  chapters 
covering  over  four  hundred  pages,  supplemented  by  a  full  and  com- 
plete index,  is  admirable.  The  binding,  with  its  uncut  leaves,  quite 
commercial,  and  the  typography  clear  and  easily  readable.  The 
illustrations  are  very  copious  and  many  quite  remarkable,  especially 
the  old  map  of  Syria  and  Phoenicia,  the  Chinese  market  and  the 
several  Royal  Exchanges  and  Guildhalls  of  old  London.  Among 
the  illustrations,  the  many  portraits  appealed  to  me.  There  was  that 
eminent  buccaneer  and  slave  trader,  Sir  John  Hopkins,  with  jaunty 
Irish  cap,  a  French  moustache,  and  Medici  ruffles.  Then  old  Jacobus 
Fugger  of  Ausburgh,  with  his  big  fur  cap  and  capacious  fur  collar,  a 
Roman  nose  and  penetrating  Jewish  eyes,  indicating  the  shrewd,  far- 
reaching  trader  and  money  getter  he  was.  And  then  the  numerous 
gentry  of  the  curled  wigs  and  all  the  way  along,  from  the  sleepy 
heathen  who  pushed  the  early  Chinese  cart  (B.  C.  1000)  to  the 
wide  awake  Donald  Smith,  who  was  ennobled  as  Lord  Strathcoma, 
and  though  very  wealthy  and  distinguished,  died  in  harness,  a 
worker  at  the  age  of  ninety-four. 

There  was  a  very  lengthy  and  rather  monotonous  account  of 
numerous  Earls,  Dukes,  Lords,  Knights,  Baronets,  Squires  and 
Peers,  evidently  put  in  to  show  the  dignity  of  trade. 

In  the  chapter  on  Guilds,  the  indefatigable  historian  might  have 
visited  the  British  Museum  and  added  much  to  his  valuable  re- 
searches concerning  labor  unions  back  in  the  first  century  A.  D., 
bv  examining  the  papyri  exhumed  from  Oxyrhynchus  in  ancient 
Egypt,  expecially  those  of  the  fullers,  the  weavers  and  the  gold- 
smiths. 

The  author  states  that  Sir  Robert  Peel  was  a  merchant, 
that  he  started  life  as  a  farmer,  and  then  became  a  manu- 
facturer of  calico  prints,  to  which  he  attained  great  celebrity  and 
became  very  wealthy,  and  a  distinguished  statesman.  He  could 
hardly  be  classified  as  a  merchant  adventurer,  but  as  a  manufacturer 
in  his  early  search  for  wealth  and  fame. 

The  author  gives,  perhaps,  too  much  encouragement  to  be  extra 
venturesome,  possibly  is  too  imaginative,  much  too  optimistic, 
especially  in  the  realms  of  commerce,  where  among  the  great  rank 
and  file,  failure  results,  it  is  said,  in  97  per  cent  of  all  efforts.  Is  there 
not  a  happy  medium  P  Why  take  enormous  risks,  and  if  not  successful, 


88]  CHE-CAU-GOU 

lose  all?  Why  play  a  zestful  game,  even  one  well  worth  playing  for,  if 
the  hazards  of  complete  loss  be  possible?  Are  there  not  other  games 
quite  spirited  and  less  hazardous?  Nerve  is  applauded.  But  be  sure 
you  are  right,  then  go  ahead.  Push  the  game  to  the  limit,  but  keep 
in  touch  with  the  reserve  behind  you.  Keep  up  the  safety  insurance, 
strengthen  the  bank  balance,  fortify  the  margins — then  fire!  Ulti- 
mate success  may  be  slower,  but  it  is  the  successful  outcome  that 
counts. 

Whether  all  these  merchant  adventurers  played  fair  at  the  start, 
I  do  not  know,  but  the  author  of  the  Romance  under  review,  cites 
some  pirates  and  slave  traders,  very  virile  with  high  strung  nerve 
and  successful,  but  no  doubt  quite  amenable  to  good  morals,  as  we 
understand  honesty.  They  probably  thought  the  end  justified  the 
means.  Even  in  this  day  of  20th  Century  enlightenment,  the  Kaiser 
was  a  big  pirate,  a  would-be  land  robber  and  enslaver  of  peoples, 
much  devoid  of  the  sense  of  honor,  and  endeavored  to  force  Prussian 
Kultur  on  the  world  under  the  plea  "necessity  knows  no  law" — 
momentarily  successful  but  in  the  end  a  disastrous  fall.  On  the  other 
hand,  Sir  Robert  de  la  Pole  of  Hull  was  a  fine  example  of  a  rich  man 
of  the  13th  Century  possessing  wealth  gained  by  honest  means. 

There  should  be  an  addendum  to  the  book,  reciting — behold  the 
new  Merchant  Adventurer  of  more  recent  days,  who  came  to  London, 
not  from  Phoenicia,  Babylonia  or  Venetia,  but  from  that  nervy, 
virile,  plunging  city  of  the  Western  prairies  on  the  shores  of  Lake 
Michigan,  originally  pioneered  by  those  masterful  Indian  traders, 
John  Kinzie  and  Gurdon  Hubbard  of  the  early  19th  Century.  The 
adventure  was  really  a"backfire,"  a  veritable  counter  attack,  that  has 
disrupted  the  old  grand-daddies  of  shopkeepers  in  London's  famous 
town,  dissipated  snobbery,  and  is  piling  up  guineas  for  the  far-sighted 
innovator  and  gaining  fame  and  honor  beyond  his  fondest  ambitions. 
The  reviewer  deletes  the  well-known  name,  but  it  can  be  readily 
imagined  and  guessed  under  the  initials  "H.  G.  S." 

9 
Charles  L.  Hutchinson,  banker,  born  at  Lynn,  Mass.,  March 
7,  1854;  son  of  Benjamin  P.  "Old  Hutch"  of  Board  of  Trade  fame. 
Came  to  Chicago  in  1856;  graduate  of  Chicago  High  School  in  1873; 
President  of  Corn  Exchange  National  Bank;  Director  of  Northern 
Trust  Company;  Ex-President  of  Chicago  Board  of  Trade;  was 
Director  and  Chairman  of  Fine  Arts  Commission,  World's  Colum- 
bian Exposition;  Vice-President  Egypt  Exploration  Fund;  President 
Chicago  Orphan  Asylum;  Treasurer  University  of  Chicago; 
Treasurer  of  Auditorium  Association;  President  of  American  Asso- 
ciation of  Arts;  member  of  South  Park  Board  of  Commissioners; 


CHE-CAU-GOl  I  59 

member  of  Chicago  Club,  Union  League,  Chicago  Athletic,  Cliff 
Dwellers,  Quadrangle,  Caxton,  Commercial,  Literary,  and  for  more 
than  twenty-five  years  President  of  the  ChicagoArt  Institute.  In  con- 
clusion, a  financier,  a  patron  of  art,  a  gentleman  and  a  scholar. 

10 

Jens  Jensen,  landscape  architect,  born  September  13,  i860,  in 
Denmark.  Ex-editor  Agricultural  College  in  Jutland,  Denmark. 
Studied  at  Berlin  and  Hanover  in  Germany;  Superintendent  Union 
Park  and  parks  of  West  Side  System;  Superintendent  Humboldt 
Park;  Secretary  State  Art  Commission;  Director  Municipal  Art 
League;  member  Chicago  Architectural  Club;  member  Cliff  Dwellers; 
President  Friends  of  Our  Native  Landscape;  Director  Prairie  Club, 
etc.  An  idealist,  a  dreamer  and  lover  of  nature,  taking  recreation  in 
nature  studies. 

Mr.  Jensen  wants  the  new  State  Park  of  the  Dunes  of  Indiana 
made  a  "sanctuary  for  wild  life  which  is  for  the  soul  and  not  for 
human  beings  to  desecrate."  The  Mohammedans  approached  their 
holy  places  by  taking  off  their  shoes;  so  in  this  way  the  Friends  of 
Our  Native  Landscape,  with  President  Jensen  at  the  head,  and  all 
the  many  other  enthusiasts  for  the  Dunes  might  with  the  right 
spirit  worship  therein  undisturbed  by  the  inevitable  coming  crowds 
of  summer  resorters  from  the  gay  and  festive  city  of  Chicago. 

1 1 

William  C.  Egan,  Esq.,  of  Egandale,  Highland  Park,  Horti- 
culturist, Arboriculturist  and  Floriculturist.  A  retired  gentleman  and 
President  of  the  Amalgamated  Societies  of  Jumping  Jacks;  born  less 
than  a  hundred  years  ago;  studied  the  nomenclature,  propagated 
and  cultivated  innumerable  specimens  of  trees,  shrubs,  plants, 
mosses  and  lichens.  Mr.  Egan  was  known  familiarly  as  Billy  Egan, 
the  suburban  naturalist  and  poet  laureate  of  Egandale,  with 
accompanying  poetry,  vintage  of  '99: 

"On  Christmas  eve  in  ninety-nine 
All  Jumping  Jacks  are  asked  to  dine 
At  Central  station  number  eight, 
The  cost  will  be  ten  cents  a  plate. 
You  are  expected  to  appear 
In  full-dress  suit  from  heel  to  ear; 
With  kid  gloves  of  some  color  light, 
And  patent  leathers,  rather  tight. 
Moustaches  waxed  and  hair-locks  oiled, 
With  a  linen  shirt  not  over-soiled, 


90  J  CHE-CAU-GOU 

Claw-hammer  suit,  quite  long  in  tail, 

In  this  particular,  do  not  fail. 

In  manners  at  the  table's  strife 

Don't  eat  your  peas  with  a  neighbor's  knife, 

Nor  poke  your  elbows  in  his  ribs, 

Nor  use  your  napkin  like  some  bibs. 

Restrain  your  hunger,  don't  ask  twice 

For  any  dish  you  think  so  nice; 

And  when  they  pass  the  bottle  'round, 

Don't  think  yourself  a  lake  or  sound, 

That  can  take  in  all  liquid  stuff, 

And  never  seem  to  have  enough. 

Don't  talk  too  much,  give  all  a  chance, 

Nor  on  the  tables  try  to  dance. 

If  in  your  cups,  you  feel  too  gay 

And  want  to  fool  and  try  to  play, 

Write  name  and  number  on  your  hat, 

So  when  you  don't  know  where  you're  at 

The  ambulance  can  take  you  where 

With  butler's  aid  you  climb  the  stair; 

Be  put  to  bed,  a  sweet  fatigue, 

To  wake  next  morn  with  head  too  big 

To  fit  the  hat  you're  wont  to  wear — 

So  oft  the  case,  when  on  a  tear." 

By  order  of  the  Committee 

J-  Jack 

12 

Charles  Carroll  Bonney,  Counselor-at-law,  born  in  1831  at 
Hamilton,  New  York;  named  from  Charles  Carroll  of  Carrollton,  the 
last  survivor  of  the  Declaration  of  Independence.  Educated  in  the 
public  schools  of  Peoria;  taught  school  in  the  public  schools  for  two 
years;  came  to  Chicago  and  admitted  to  the  Bar  in  1852;  Vice- 
President  of  the  State  Teachers'  Institute;  President  of  the  Illinois 
State  Bar  Association;  President  of  the  Chicago  Library  Associa- 
tion; President  of  the  International  Law  and  Order  League;  Presi- 
dent of  the  World's  Congress  of  Religions  at  the  Columbian  Expo- 
sition in  1893. 

Isaac  N.  Arnold,  Counselor-at-Law,  born  November  20, 18 15,  at 
Hartwick,  Otsego  County,  N.  Y.  Came  to  Chicago  in  1836;  earned 
enough  money  by  teaching  to  pursue  his  law  studies;  elected  City 
Clerk  at  time  Wm.  B.  Ogden  was  Mayor;  was  partner  with  Mahlon 
D.  Ogden,  his  brother;  elected  to  the  Illinois  Legislature  in  1842 


CHE-CAU-GOl 


and  in   lS;;;  elected  Member  of  Congress  in   [860;  was  President  ol 
the  Chicago  Historical  Society  in   [868. 


Jonathan  Young  Scammon 


'4 


Jonathan  Young  Scammon,  Lawyer  and  Banker,  horn  in  1S12 
at  Whitetield,  Lincoln  County,  Maine.  Came  to  Chicago  in  [835, 
and  read  law,  putting  up  at  the  old  Sauganash  Tavern;  in  [836 
formed  a  law  partnership  with  Buckner  S.  Morris,  and  in  1  847  with 
Norman  B.  Judd;  elected  to  the  Board  of  Aldermen  in  1845,  ana*  to 


CHE-CAU-GOU 


Congress  in  1848;  was  President  of  the  Chicago  Marine  and  Fire 
Insurance  Bank  in  1849;  was  elected  in  i860  to  the  Legislature; 
Treasurer  of  the  ''Old  Settlers"  Society  eligible  to  membership 
prior  to  1837.  He  was  president  of  the  Chicago  Historical  Society, 
1876  to  1884. 

*5 

Indulgent  reader,  behold  a  sextette  of  Financiers,  a  veritable 
group  of  financial  giants,  men  of  vision,  self-winders,  boosters  and 
pushers.  Had  they  reached  Chicago  at  the  same  period,  and  formed 
a  co-operative  syndicate,  in  trade  and  speculation,  they  would  have 
been  invincible.  But  unfortunately,  they  arrived  at  various  times 
and  could  not  wait  to  form  an  effective  combination.  They  were  on 
the  right  track  and  could  see  the  pot  of  gold  at  the  end  of  the  rain- 
bow, but  in  chasing  it  they  got  out  of  breath,  and  the  money  lenders 
of  New  York  and  Boston  shut  off  the  supply  to  them  of  cash,  and 
in  the  end  caused  them  some  inconvenient  discomfort.  The  great 
panics  of  1857,1873  and  1893  raged  furiously, but  reactions  set  in  as 
thev  always  have  come  heretofore  in  this  wonderful  city,  and  today 
prices  of  real  estate  are  away  beyond  the  expectations  of  the  most 
optimistic.  This  noble  far-seeing  sextette  is  herewith  registered: 

1.  Col.  James  H.  Bowen,  merchant,  born  March  7,  1822,  at 
Manheim,  Herkimer  County,  X.  Y.  At  fourteen,  clerk  in  a  country 
store  at  thirty  dollars  per  year.  Treasurer  of  the  Wool  Growers 
Manufacturing  Co.  at  Little  Falls,  N.  Y.;  came  to  Chicago  in  1857; 
senior  member  of  Bowen  Brothers,  dry  goods  merchants;  member 
of  the  Chicago  Board  of  Trade;  father  of  Calumet  Lake  and  South 
Chicago  wet  lands. 

2.  Samuel  J.  Walker,  real  estate  operator  and  money  borrower  of 
note.  Born  at  Covington,  Kentucky.  Lived  in  Chicago  since  1872. 

3.  William  Sturges,  banker  and  investor  in  Kansas  lands  and 
railroads,  born  May  27,  1824.  His  early  ancestor  was  John  Sturges 
(sometimes  spelled  Sturgee),  who  settled  in  Fairfield,  Connecticut,  in 
1660,  and  owned  "a  long  gun,  a  little  gun,  his  negro  woman  Jenny 
and  various  parcels  of  land." 

4.  Henry  Hamilton  Honore,  real  estate  plunger,  born  February 
19,  1824,  at  Louisville,  Ky.  His  grandfather  came  from  Paris. 
His  daughter,  Bertha  Honore,  married  the  great  merchant,  Potter 
Palmer.  Mr.  Honore  came  to  Chicago  in  1855.  He  was  instrumental 
in  organizing  and  building  the  Public  Park  Systems  of  Chicago. 

5.  Herman  H.  Kohlsaat,  editor  and  owner  Chicago  Times- 
Herald  and  Chicago  Inter-Ocean.  Born  March  22,  1853,  at  Albion, 
Edwards  County,  Illinois.  Started  as  carrier  for  Chicago  Tribune. 
Trustee  of  University  of  Chicago.  He  took  a  very  active  part  in  the 


CHE-  C  AU-GOl  I  93 

election  of  President  Mckinley.  He   is  a   son-in-law  of  E.  Nelson 
Blake,  and  father-in-law  of  the  junior  Potter  Palmer. 

6.  Joseph  Leiter,  grain  speculator  and  coal  mine  operator. 
Born  in  Chicago,  December  4,  1868;  son  of  the  late  Levi  Zeigler 
Leiter.  He  bought  wheat  on  the  Board  of  Trade  to  such  extent  that 
at  the  beginning  of  1898  he  was  the  largest  individual  holder  of 
wheat  in  the  history  of  the  grain  trade.  He  was  president  of  the 
Zeigler  Coal  Company. 

16 

In  the  1 8 jo's  there  was  a  considerable  body  of  young,  ambitious 
and  unusually  able  men  who  made  homes  in  the  village  of  Chicago, 
and  almost  at  once  became  leaders,  and  the  following  list  might  be 
multiplied  several  times  over:  Philo  Carpenter,  Judge  John  Dean 
Caton,  Judge  George  Manierre,  Judge  Mark  Skinner,  Judge  Grant 
Goodrich,  Thomas  Hoyne,  Tuthill  King,  Gurdon  S.  Hubbard,  and 
Capt.  Redmond  Prindiville.  In  Goodspeed's  volume  of  University  of 
Chicago  Biographical  Sketches  will  be  found  excellent  portraits  of 
Wm.  B.  Ogden,  Marshall  Field,  E.  Nelson  Blake,  Sidney  Albert 
Kent,  George  C.  Walker,  Silas  B.  Cobb,  Gustavus  F.  Swift,  Charles 
Hitchcock,  La  Verne  Noyes,  Frederick  Augustus  Smith,  John 
Crerar,  Nathaniel  Colver  (Baptist  minister),  Dr.  H.  W.  Thomas 
(Methodist),  Charles  Jerold  Hull,  of  Hull  House,  Joseph  Reynolds 
( Diamond  Joe). 

Among  the  women's  clubs  in  Chicago  are  noted  the  Fortnightly, 
the  Colonial  Dames,  the  Daughters  of  the  American  Revolution, 
the  Founders  and  Patriots  of  America,  the  Women's  City,  the 
Arche,  and  the  Antiquarian  Society.  And  the  famous  women  of 
Chicago  are  legion.  Some  of  the  most  distinguished  are  recalled  in 
Kate  Doggett,  Jane  Addams,  Mrs.  Potter  Palmer,  President  of  the 
Women's  Building  of  the  World's  Columbian  Exposition,  Mrs. 
Cyrus  H.  McCormick,  philanthropist,  Mrs.  Ellen  M.  Henrotin, 
Mrs.  Laura  Dayton  Fessenden,  Mrs.  H.  M.  Wilmarth,  Miss  Carolina 
Mcllvaine  and  Madame  X. 


In  the  following  Bibliography  will  be  found  biographical  sketches 
of  many  more  famous  people,  quite  as  distinguished,  perhaps  even 
more  so,  than  have  already  been  honored  in  the  preceding  pages  of 
this  book,  as  well  as  other  interesting  information  pertaining  to 
this  history  and  romance: 

History  of  Chicago— Andreas. 
Story  of  Chicago — Joseph  Kirkland. 
Book  of  Chicago — Shackleton. 


94 


CHE-CAU-GOU 


Book  of  Chicagoans — Marquis. 

Chicago  Yesterdays — Caroline  Kirkland. 

Chicago's  Highways— Quaife. 

Bygone  Days  in  Chicago — Cook. 

My  Chicago — Anna  Morgan. 

Chicago  and  Its  Environs — L.  Schick. 

Northwest  and  Chicago — Blanchard. 

Chicago  and  Old  Northwest — Quaife. 

What  Shall  We  Think  of  Chicago— Walter  Dill  Scott. 

University  of  Chicago  Biographical  Sketches — 

Thos.  Wakefield  Goodspeed. 
Autobiography  of  Gurdon  S.  Hubbard. 
The  Story  of  Lake  Geneva — F.  R.  Chandler. 
The  Wonders  of  the  Dunes — George  A.  Brennan. 
The  Story  of  the  Chicago  Fire — David  Swing. 
Chicago  Directory  of  1844. 
Chicago  Directory  of  1923. 

Chicago's  Natural  Advantages — Geo.  E.  Plumb,  A.B.,  LL.D. 
Men  of  America,  A  Biographical  Dictionary,  1908. 
Assessor's  Land  Valuations,  1908 — F.  R.  Chandler. 
The  Pocket  Guide  to  Science,  1923. 
Leading  Men  of  Chicago  (Biographical  Sketches),  1868. 
Solomon  Sturges  and  His  Descendants — 

Ebeneezer  Buckingham. 

J9 

The  Ancient  and  Honorable  Company  of  the  Charter  Members  of  the 

CHICAGO  REAL  ESTATE  BOARD 

Surviving  September  /,  1924 


T.   Horace  A.  Goodrich 

2.  Aaron  Benedict  Mead 

3.  Frank  Randolph  Chandler 

4.  Frank  A.  Henshaw 

5.  John  Bryan  Knight 

6.  John  McConnell 

7.  John  H.  Trumbull 

8.  William  A.  Bond 

9.  Frederick  C.  Gibbs 

10.  Bernard  F.  Weber 

11.  Edgar  Morton  Snow 

12.  J.  H.  VanVlissingen 

13.  Wyllys  W.  Baird 


b.  July  9,  1837,  at  Chicago 

b.  Nov.  7,  1838,  at  Franklinville,  Cattaraugus 

Co.,  New  York 
b.  Oct.  2,  1840,  at  Putney,  Vermont 
b.  Nov.  5,  1846,  at  Cambridge,  Mass. 
b.  Oct.  1,  1847,  at  Hopkinsville,  Ky. 
b.  Dec.  8,  1847,  at  Chicago, 
b.  June  5,  1849,  at  Belleville,  111. 
b.  Nov.  15,  1849,  at  Newark,  N.  J. 
b.  Oct.  15,  1852,  at  Chicago 
b.  Jan.  6,  1853,  at  Chicago, 
b.  Sept.  16,  1856,  at  Whately,  Franklin  Co., 

Mass. 
b.  Feb.  16,  1857,  at  Spykenisee,  Province  of 

South  Holland,  The  Netherlands. 
b.  Aug.  23,  1859,  at  New  Haven,  Conn. 


CHAPTER  VII 

THRIFT  IS    PENCILED  IN  THE  SCENARIO 

"HETTY  GREEN" 

\   TITLE   FOR  A    PROPOSED   PHOTO  DRAMA 

'The  world  has  not  learned  the  riches  of  frugality ."  ~  Cicero. 

"He  will  aways  be  a  slave  who  does  not  know  how  to  live  upon  a  little." 

— Horace. 

THE  CAST 

Captain  James  Bobson,  a  whaler. 

Jane  Armstrong  Bobson  (later  Jane  White),  his  daughter. 

Mr.  E.  Markham  White,  a  merchant  in  Manila. 

Col.  E.  Markham  White,  Jr.,  his  son. 

Susanne  White,  the  daughter  of  E.  Markham  White. 

Col.  Phil.  Lauderbeck,  an  U.  S.  Officer  in  the  Philippines. 

Chief  Moro,  Captain  of  the  Iggorots. 

Mr.  Kent  Blackstone,  attorney  for  Jane  WThite. 

Rufus  Sloat,  LL.D.,  counselor  for  defendant  in  will  contest. 

Isadore  Stillwater,  Esq.,  a  New  York  bank  cashier. 

Hon.  Thomas  Tyler,  a  country  bank  president. 

Dr.  Paul  Pillman,  the  family  physician. 

Sir  Gordon  Pusher,  a  world  merchant. 

Jabez  Hills,  a  miser. 

Soldiers,  Sailors,  Fishermen,  Harpooners  and  Pirates,   Filippinos, 
Brokers,  Countrymen,  Dance  Girls,  Lawyers  and  Reporters. 

Accessories,  Ships,  Whaleboats,  Catamarans,  Sampans,  Icebergs, etc. 
The  action   takes  place  in   the  last  hundred   years  prior   to   1916. 


THE  SCENARIO 

Captain  James  Bobson  was  born  in  New  Bed- 
ford, became  a  sailor,  and  in  the  early  years  of  the 
The  Whaler     nineteenth  century  embarked  in  whale  fishery.    He 
was  a  successful  whaleflsher,  a  whaler,  taking  and 
trying  out  on  shipboard  the  blubber  and  shipping  the 


96 


CHE-CAU-GOU 


oil  and  whalebones  to  the  New  England  market. 
Through  lucky  "strikes,"  close  application,  unusual 
thrift  and  saving,  and  inexpensive  living,  after  long 
service  he  became  rich,  and  died  many  times  a  mil- 
lionaire. 

He  had  an  only  child,  a  daughter  Jane,  a  comely 
and  buxom  girl.  Her  mother  was  much  of  an  invalid 
and  died  before  the  girl  was  in  her  teens.  Her  father 
was  close  and  penurious  and  not  himself  appreciat- 
Jane  the  ing  education  and  refinement,  sadly  neglected  her 
Daughter  proper  bringing  up  and  so  she  grew  somewhat  like 
Topsy.  She  inherited,  however,  natural  shrewdness, 
and  under  the  guidance  of  her  father  imbibed  his 
ideas  of  excessive  thrift  and  saving  of  a  miserly 
degree. 

Jane  in  her  girlhood  life  had  many  happy  days. 
Her  frequent  short  journeys  in  a  Concord  coach,  on 
visits  to  her  cousins,  the  Armstrongs  in  Vermont, 
Queen  of  were  red  letter  days  with  her,  especially  when  she 
the  May  was  "Queen  of  the  May"  on  the  occasion  of  a  May- 
pole dance  on  the  village  green.  These  visits 
counted  much  in  retaining  the  simple  homelike  and 
wholesome  ideas  prevailing  in  her  naturally  well 
poised  character. 

Jane  Bobson's  great  social  triumph,  when  only 
eighteen,  was  during  a  visit  to  New  York  on  the 
The  Ball    occasion  of  a  grand  ball  in  the  Academy  of  Music, 
to  the  Prince    given  in  honor  of  the  Prince  of  Wales.  The  mothers 
of  Wales     and  daughters  of  the  aristocratic  newly  rich  Arm- 
strong families,  with  their  French  maids  and  coquet- 
tish Paris  costumes,  were  full  of  excited  anticipa- 
tions of  the  coming  dance  with  royalty. 

Jane  Bobson  was  on  the  favored  dancing  list.  She 

had  lain  awake  nights  beforehand  in  planning  how  to 

Dancing     make  a  decided  impression  on  the  young  Prince.  For 

with     the  occasion  she  appeared  in  a  simple  white  Swiss 

Royalty     muslin  dress  with  pink  sash,  and  pink  slippers  on  her 

feet  and  tiny  gold  drops  in  her  ears,  a  charming 

picture  of  girlhood  simplicity. 

She  had  heard  the  Prince  was  much  interested  in 

"Elevating     the  wonderful  progress  in  America  and  especially 

the     about  education  among  the  common  people,  and  so 

Masses"     in  the  last  figure  of  the  first  dance  with  him,  in  the 


CHE-CAU-GOl  [97 

grand  right  and  left  of  the  Lancers  she  plumped  the 

question,  "Oh,  your  Highness,  do  you  know  how  the 
great  masses  of  our  people  are  being  elevated?"  The 
bugle  rang  out  for  the  next  quadrille  and  off  Jane 
was  rushed  to  dance  with  a  democratic  Colonel  of 
Militia,  and  for  lack  of  opportunity,  no  answer  was 
then  given.  The  Prince's  curiosity,  however,  became 
immensely  aroused  and  when  the  next  dance  was 
called  the  usher  was  asked  to  find  Miss  Bobson. 
Away  back  to  the  top  of  the  dress  circle  she  had  sped 
purposely,  and  was  discovered,  and  to  the  consterna- 
tion of  the  dowagers,  and  the  competitive  young 
damsels,  she  was  called  back  to  the  dancing  floor  for 
her  second  dance  with  the  Prince,  and  when  he 
pressed  the  subject  foremost  in  his  mind,  she  laugh- 
ingly responded,  "Go  West  to  the  Mississippi,  go 
aboard  a  high -pressure  side-wheel  steamboat,  and 
more  than  likely  you  will  soon  realize  how  in  one 
tremendous  explosion  the  masses  are  elevated!" 

By  this  quick-witted  Yankee  girl  the  plan  suc- 

Envy  of    ceeded,  a  decided  impression  on  royalty  was  made,  a 

New  York's     practical   joke    perpetrated    on    a    serious    minded 

"^00"     Knglishman  of  royal  pedigree,  and  furthermore  Jane 

Bobson  made  a  great  point  in  exciting  the  envy  of 

New  York's  "four  hundred." 

Captain  Bobson  on  one  of  his  whaling  voyages  to 
Stop-off  at     the    South    Pacific    Seas   was    accompanied    by    his 
Manila     daughter  Jane,  she  stopping  off  at  Manila  to  visit  an 
aunt  residing  there  while  he  continued  on  his  whale- 
fishing. 

Among  the  few  Americans  was  E.  Markham 
White,  who  represented  a  Boston  importing  house 
buying  the  rich  products  of  the  Philippines.  Trading 
expeditions  were  made  to  the  various  islands  under 
the  military  protection  of  Col.  Lauderbeck  with  the 
I  nited  States  troops.  There  was  more  or  less  friction 
between  them  and  the  Filippinos,  until  the  Iggorots 
and  other  hostile  tribes  under  Chief  Mom  were 
finally  put  down. 

Markham  White  made  his  mark  in  Manila,  a 
gentleman  and  a  scholar  and  most  efficient  in  busi- 
ness, a  brilliant  and  popular  bachelor,  an  all  around 
man,  generous,  whole-souled,  liberal  and  benevolent. 


98 


CHE-CAU-GOU 


The 

Markham 

White 

Family 


Hoboken 

Flat 

vs. 

Club  Life 


On  the 

Chicago  Board 

of  Trade 

On  the 

New  York 

Stock 

Exchange 

The  Gary 
Riots 


Ku  Klux 
Klan 


Jane 

Starts  on 

Her  Career 


She  Piles 
Up  Money 


He  acquired  much  wealth,  returned  to  the  States  and 
in  due  course  married  Jane  Bobson.  They  had  two 
children,  a  son,  E.  Markham  White,  Jr.,  and  a 
daughter,  Susanne  White.  He  became  President  of 
the  Texas  International  R.  R.  and  she  married  into 
an  old  Knickerbocker  family,  where  much  wealth 
was  inherited  through  fortunate  investments  in 
Manhattan  real  estate. 

Markham  White,  Sr.,  after  his  marriage  with 
Jane  Bobson  was  much  of  a  speculative  genius.  Her 
large  means  more  or  less  at  his  disposal  stimulated 
his  speculative  impulses.  At  Manila  he  was  a  high 
spender  and  lavish  entertainer,  and  when  after  mar- 
riage he  took  his  wife  to  the  cheap  four-room  Hobo- 
ken flat,  as  she  insisted  on  their  doing,  for  economy's 
sake,  the  reaction- was  too  much  for  him.  He  shunned 
such  life  and  plain  living  and  took  up  to  a  larger 
degree  club  life  in  New  York  and  then  launched  into 
schemes  of  speculation  and  high  finance.  At  first  he 
met  with  considerable  success  on  the  Chicago  Board 
of  Trade,  running  by  private  wire  a  corner  in  wheat, 
and  then  afterwards  he  made  a  big  plunge  in  United 
States  Steel,  but  a  strike  at  the  Gary  works  knocked 
the  common  stock  flat  and  Markham  White  landed 
at  the  bottom  of  his  financial  career,  his  careful  and 
thrifty  wife  refusing  to  help  him  out. 

E.  Markham  White  was  at  one  time  a  Colonel 
of  a  Texas  militia  regiment  and  won  great  eclat  in 
breaking  up  a  night  procession  of  Ku  Klux  Klan 
who  were  pursuing  a  fleeing  negro  escaping  across 
the  Rio  Grande  into  Mexico. 

The  drama  is  a  contest  between  two  schools  of 
actors  of  strong,  ambitious  and  aggressive  desires, 
generosity  versus  parsimony,  and  centers  around 
Jane  Bobson,  who,  since  her  marriage  with  Mark- 
ham White,  was  familiarly  known  as  Jane  W7hite. 
Her  character  is  portrayed  from  year  to  year,  start- 
ing with  most  commendable  motives,  from  generous 
childhood  through  devoted  motherhood  to  the  sharp 
and  shrewd  woman  of  business,  who  piles  up  money 
with  never  ending  assiduity,  her  whole  object  in  life, 
apparently,  until  the  soul  and  the  finer  sensibilities 
are  quite  submerged.  "He  that  heaps  up  riches  and 
lives  poorly  is  like  an  ass  that  carries  gold  and  eats 
thistles ." — Quotation. 


CHE-  C  AU-GOU 


99 


Her  Ideas 
of  Charity 


Jane  Talks 
to 

Reporters 


She  Saves 
the  Nickels 


Saving 

is  a 

Hobby 


"Pa  is 

Dead" 


Sheneverwould  reveal  hercharities  toanyoneand 
so  secretive  was  she  that  no  one  was  ever  heard  of 
having  received  any  from  her.  She  did  not  propose 
to  be  guilty  of  "  That  charity  which  longs  to  publish 
itself  and  thus  ceases  to  be  a  charity."- — Quotation. 

Jane  White  was  very  free  in  expressing  her  views 
on  charity,  on  money  getting,  and  on  money  saving, 
to  reporters,  who  repeatedly  interviewed  her,  and 
especially  about  lawyers  was  she  extremely  talka- 
tive and  beligerent  and  telling  how  at  times  she  fell 
down  on  her  knees  in  the  courtroom  praying  for 
their  defeat. 

Jane  White  did  not  keep  her  money  in  a  stock- 
ing, but  intrusted  it  to  the  strongest  bank  of  the 
metropolis,  of  which  she  was  a  stockholder,  and  in- 
vested it  as  soon  as  possible  in  safe  and  conservative 
securities  bearing  the  highest  rate  of  interest.  At 
such  remunerative  rates  she  considered  it  a  real 
praiseworthy  charity  to  loan  largely  to  churches. 

An  example  of  thrift  and  economy  was  to  have 
her  office  in  a  rear  room  of  the  bank  and  thus  save 
office  rent. 

Her  bookkeeping  was  of  no  expense  as  she  kept  a 
memoranda  of  her  transactions  in  a  little  green  bag, 
while  Isadore  Stillwater,  the  cashier,  told  daily  the 
amount  of  her  money  on  deposit.  She  walked  to  the 
bank  and  saved  her  nickels.  She  lunched  on  the 
street  at  the  sign  of  "3  Donuts  for  a  Dime."  And 
this  close  economy  was  a  source  of  delight  to  her. 
Then  the  real  fun  she  had  at  the  bargain  counters  in 
the  basement  of  the  big  department  stores,  whether 
in  Chicago,  New  York  or  London.  She  possessed  a 
little  sales  ticket  from  Berlin  which  she  kept  as  a 
mascot,  showing  she  had  purchased  for  two  pfennig, 
or  one  fiftieth  of  a  mark,  a  chromo  of  a  savings  bank. 
The  idea  of  saving  and  accumulating  was  always 
uppermost  in  her  mind. 

At  the  time  of  her  father's  last  sickness  and  when 
during  the  night  he  passed  away,  his  own  teachings 
of  economy  guided  this  daughter  Jane,  who  when  in 
the  morning  seeing  the  Doctor  getting  out  of  the 
coupe,  rushed  to  a  second-story  window,  flung  it 
open,  and  shouted,  "Doctor  you  needn't  come  in, 
Pa  is  dead!" 


ioo] 


CHE-CAU-GOU 


Jane  White's  domicile  was  a  great  perplexity  to 

her;  where  did  she  live?  It  was  much  a  question  of 

Her  Defense     taxation,  and  the  date  of  tax  levying.  The  Hon. 

Against    Thomas  Tyler,  President  of  her  bank  in  the  country, 

Tax  Dodging     was  reliable  authority  for  financial  advice,  and  her 

defense   against   any   charge   of  tax   dodging   that 

annually  arose. 

Jane  White,  as  her  fortune  kept  increasing,  was 
much   involved   in   lawsuits.   Notwithstanding  her 

In  Many     constant  fears  of  being  cheated,  her  attorney,  Mr. 

Lawsuits  Kent  Blackstone,  "kept  the  wolf  from  her  door,"  and 
saved  her  property  from  confiscation  through  over- 
taxation and  distressing  assessments  and  unreason- 
able partnership  claims  against  her  father's  estate. 
"Men  who  prefer  any  load  of  infamy,  however  great,  to 
any pressure. of taxation  however light. " — Sidney  Smith. 

Jane  White's  greatest  perplexity  was  the  will  con- 
A  Will  test  for  the  share  bequeathed  to  her  by  her  Aunt 
Contest    Susanne  Armstrong,  for  which  the  eminent  counselor, 

Rufus  Sloat,  fought  "tooth    and  nail"  to  her  final 

discomfiture. 

Jane  White  became  a  large  holder  in  bank  stocks 
and  corporation  securities  and  had  thereby  a  wide 
acquaintance  with  financial  men,  many  of  whom 
were  members  of  the  prominent  clubs.  She  did  not 
hesitate  to  use  the  power  of  wealth  thus  gained  in 
Jane  Shows  undoing  her  enemies,  especially  judges  and  lawyers 
Her  Power  who  opposed  her  contentions.  As  an  incident  most 
in  Politics  marked,  reading  in  the  papers  that  Rufus  Sloat  was 
up  for  nomination  to  the  United  States  Senate  and 
subject  to  confirmation,  she  quickly  hurried  from 
New  England  to  New  York  City.  She  took  the  tele- 
phone and  rung  up  the  President  of  the  Union 
League  Club.  "This  is  Jane  White.  I  understand 
you  are  favoring  the  nomination  of  Sloat  for  Sena- 
tor; all  I  want  to  say,  if  you  and  your  club  directors 
push  such  nomination,  it  will  be  a  sad  day  for  each 
of  you."  She  said  no  more  but  simply  hung  up  the 
'phone.  The  sequel  was  that  Sloat  did  not  get  the 
nomination. 

Jabez  Hills,  the  miser,  was  the  character  that 
Jane  White,  even  in  her  early  years,  much  esteemed. 
He  was  thrifty  and  most  frugal,  but  in  hiding  his 
gold  talents  behind  wainscots  and  ceilings,  he  did 


CHE-CAU-GOU 


OI 


not  possess  her  better  and  more  secure  methods  of 
Misers  saving.  There  were  other  shining  examples  in  the 
World  of  Thrift  and  Frugality:  Vaudille,  a  French 
miser,  Julius  Schmauss  of  Dantzig,  Thomas  Cooke 
of  Islington,  Thomas  Guy  of  Cornhill,  Jacques  Gar- 
got  of  Marseilles,  and  Elizabeth  Bolaine  of  Canter- 
bury. 

"Jabez  Hills  was  active  in  the  propaganda  of  the 
Amalgamated  Society  of  Thrifters  and  Frugaliters 
who  had  their  ramifications  in  all  parts  of  the  world. 
A  recent  district  council  was  held  in  an  abandoned 
woodshed  at  Woodchuck  Hill,  a  remote  village  in 
Vermont,  and  there  was  collected  for  this  cause  thirty 
cents! 

Jane  White  died  an  octogenarian;  she  left  a  last 
will,  which  gave  her  all  to  chanty,  that  is,  to  herself; 
in  other  words,  to  her  only  heirs-at-law,  her  two 
children,  Markham  White,  Jr.,  and  Susanne  White, 
under  her  own  long  adopted  philosophy,  that 
"Charity  begins  at  home,  and — ends  there."  It  is 
rumored  that  it  is  the  intention  of  these  most 
opulent  children,  some  day  in  the  future,  when  un- 
selfish charitable  impulses  may  prevail,  to  support  a 
White  Foundation  for  the  establishment  and  en- 
dowment of  an  International  University  for  the 
Better  Encouragement  of  Industry, Thrift  and  Fru- 
gality, and  thus  in  a  measure  to  atone  for  their 
mother's  extreme  frugality,  and  on  the  other  hand 
to  honor  their  father's  well  intentioned  generosity,  a 
combination  of  heritage  eventually  for  the  finest 
good  of  mankind. 

"Those  who  give  not  till  they  die,  show  that  they  would 
not  then,  if  they  could  keep  it  any  longer." 

-Bishop  Hall. 

The  tomb  was  to  be  of  Vermont  white  marble, 

The  Gold     and  inside  thickly  lined  with  gold  coin,  so  that  she 

Lined  Tomb     might  take  it  with  her,  as  she  prayed  she  could,  and 

superstitiously;  no  doubt,  believed. 

At  the  church  the  choir  chanted  the  hymns  so 
dear  to  her — 

"Thrift  is  the  Philosopher's  Stone." 

"Glory  to  the  Goddess  of  Thrift." 

"Saving  is  greater  than  gaining." 

"Glory  to  the  Goddess  Prosperity." 


She  Dies 
Leaving  a 
Last  Will 


Great 
Expectations 


102] 


CHE-CAU-GOU 


ccHe  that  eats  and  saves  sets  the  table  twice.'* 
Chanting  "Glory  to  the  Goddess  of  Prudentia." 

the  Hymns     "Economy  is  a  great  revenue." 
of  Praise  "Glory  to  the  Goddess  Aeconomia." 

"Plain  living  and  high  thinking." 

"Glory  to  the  Goddess  Temperantia.,, 
"A  handful  of  common  sense  is  worth  a  bushel  of 
learning." 

"Glory  to  the  Goddess  of  Psychology." 
"Be  just  before  you  are  generous." 

"Glory  to  the  Goddess  Justitia." 
"Frugality  may  be  termed  the  daughter  of  Prudence, 
the  Sister  of  Temperance,  and  the  Parentof  Liberty." 
"Glory  to  the  Goddess  Frugalitas." 
Jane  White  was  an  honest  woman.  She  did  not 
An  Honest     believe  in  waste   or   extravagance.   If  she  was    at 
Woman     times  penurious,  covetous,  suspicious,  vindictive  and 
miserly,  it  was  all  to  worship  the  Goddess  Frugalitas, 
to  save  and  increase  her  fortune  for  some  good  pur- 
pose. For  this  she  waited  too  long,  but  the  fortune  is 
still  intact  and  has  still  grand  opportunities  to  func- 
To  Her     tion  in  the  acts  of  her  children  in  establishing  the 
Last  Resting    White  Foundation.  She  was  followed  to  the  grave 
Place     by  many  bereaved  relatives  under  the  strains  of 
Chopin's  Funeral  March. 

THE  APOTHEOSIS 

The  transformation,  personification  and  glorifi- 
cation of  Jane  White  was  as  she  would  have  wished. 
The  Glorifi-     The  illuminated  spirit,  symbolical  of  the  Goddess  of 
cation     Frugality,  arose  in  the  heavens  above  her  tomb,  and 
underneath  in  letters  of  gold  was  emblazoned  the 
name  — HETTY  GREEN  FRUGALITAS. 

The  End. 


SUPPLEMENTAL 

SYNOPSIS  OF  PRINCIPAL  SCENES  AND  INCIDENTS 

The  old  Colonial  Homestead  in  New  Bedford. 
Jane  opens  a  savings  bank  account  in  her  toy  bank. 
The  Harbor  of  New  Bedford. 

Capt.  Bobson  aboard  the  Ship  Whalo. 
The  ship  under  sail. 


C H  E -C  A  U-GOU 


°3 


Hcttv  Howland  Robinson  Green 


IO4J  CHE-CAU-GOU 

The  Whale  Fishery. 

Whales  spouting  and  flapping  their  tails  in  midair. 

Shoals  of  Porpoises,  some  Sharks,  etc. 
Return  of  the  Ship  W7halo,  with  the  Captain,  the  crew,  the  oil  and 

the  whalebones. 
The  Country  Home  in  Vermont. 
The  May-pole  Dance  on  the  Village  Green. 
The  Ball  in  honor  of  the  Prince  of  W7ales. 

"Elevation  of  the  Masses,"  or  a  Mississippi  steamboat  explosion. 
A  stop-off  at  Manila. 

Parade  of  the  Soldiers. 

An  upheaval  among  the  Natives. 
Last  sickness  and  death  of  Capt.  Bobson,  "Pa  is  dead." 
Jane's  WTedding  in  the  Quaker  Church  of  the  Society  of  Friends. 
A  Corner  in  Wheat  on  the  Chicago  Board  of  Trade. 
The  Strike  Riots  at  Gary. 
Meetings  with  bank  directors  and  corporation  magnates. 

A  collapse  in  United  States  Steel  Common  on  the  New  York  Stock 

Exchange. 
Telephoning  the  Union  League  Club. 
A  Bargain  Counter  in  Pusher's  Department  Store. 
Many  interviews  by  reporters  and  "snapshots"  of  Jane. 

The  abode  of  Jabez  Hills,  the  miser,  counting  over  his  money  and 
hiding  it  away. 

At  the  church;  the  choir  and  congregation,  chanting  the  hymns  to 
the  Goddess  Frugalitas. 

The  Funeral  Procession. 

The  Apotheosis,  or  the  Glorification  of  Jane  White,  alias  "Hetty 
Green." 

ADDENDA 

Jane  White  is  the  heroine  and  was  glorified  as  the  Goddess  of 
Frugality. 

E.  Markham  White,  her  husband,  is  the  hero  and  would  be 
entitled  to  be  called  the  real  founder  of  the  "White  Foundation." 

Jabez  Hills,  the  typical  miser,  is  the  mild  villain  of  the  play. 

This  title  has  been  given  as  emblematical  or  typically  re- 
presentative of  a  historic  character  of  the  nineteenth  and  twen- 
tieth centuries,  noted  for  her  great  wealth  and  continuing  frugality. 

"Without  frugality  none  can  become  rich  and  with  it  jew  would 
be  poor." — Johnson. 


CHAPTER  VIII 

SOME   SOCIAL  EVENTS   OF  THE   EARLY  DAYS   WELL  DRESSED   UP 
BY  THE    SOCIETY    EDITOR 

THE  following  account  is  copied  from  the  February  5, 1868,  issue 
of  the  Chicago  Times: 

CHANDLER BUCKINGHAM 


WEDDING    IN    HIGH    LIFE 


A  Brilliant  Marriage  Festival 
at  the  First  Presbyterian  Church  Yesterday 


The  Spacious  Edifice  Crowded 
with  the  Wealth  and  Fashion  of  Chicago. 


The  Scene — The  Ceremony — The  Toilettes  of  the  Ladies — 
Reception — The  Bridal  Trousseau. 


Departure  of  the  Newly  Wedded  Couple  for  Europe. 

The  nuptials  of  Frank  R.  Chandler,  Esq.,  and  Miss  Anna  S. 
Buckingham  were  celebrated  at  the  First  Presbyterian  Church  on 
last  evening. 

The  social  position  of  the  parties,  and  the  prominence  of  their 
respective  families,  imparted  to  the  ceremony  wide-spread  interest, 
which  evoked  an  immense  attendance  at  the  church  to  witness  the 
ceremony.  Most  of  the  old  citizens,  and  all  the  acquaintances  of 
the  parties,  were  invited  to  be  present  at  the  solemnization  of  the 
nuptials;  and,  as  few  "regrets"  were  exchanged,  the  assemblage 
was  unusually  large.  The  publicity  of  the  wedding  which,  was 
general,  also  contributed  to  increase  the  number  of  spectators,  and 
seldom  have  church  services,  of  whatever  character,  elicited  such 
large  congregations  as  was  that  gathered  within  the  walls  of  the 
First  Presbyterian  edifice  last  evening. 

THE    ATTENDANCE 

The  ceremony  was  performed  at  6  o'clock  p.  m.,  but  long  before 
that  hour  the  avenue  in  the  vicinity  of  the  church  was  thronged  with 
vehicles  and  pedestrians.  Carriages,  containing  feminine  loveliness 
robed  in  costly  garments,  drove  up,  and,  after  discharging  their 


106  ]  CHE-CAU-GOU 

burdens,  formed  in  line  near  the  curb;  chattering  girls  and  simpering 
boys  in  eager  expectance  wended  their  way  toward  the  church; 
mothers,  fathers,  sons,  and  daughters — all  might  have  been  ob- 
served on  their  way  towards  the  sacred  building.  Equipage  followed 
equipage,  and  couplets  and  triplets  of  visitors  in  a  strange  con- 
tinuity of  succession  arrived  and  entered  until  the  church  was 
filled.  Aisles  and  pews,  galleries  and  chairs,  were  thronged,  and 
wherever  the  eye  glanced,  layers  of  human  faces,  alternate  sand- 
wiches of  males  and  females,  were  to  be  observed.  Everybody  was 
desirous  of  securing  eligible  seats,  and  in  the  endeavor  it  must  be 
confessed  that  decorum  was  not  always  preserved.  Notwithstanding 
that  there  was  not  standing  room  within,  new  accessions  were  con- 
tinually arriving,  and  at  one  time  it  was  doubtful  whether  the  entree 
of  the  bride  and  her  companions  would  not  be  effectually  debarred. 

DECORATIONS 

The  interior  of  the  church  was  tastefully  decorated  for  the 
occasion.  The  candelabra  of  the  pulpit  was  festooned  with  evergreens 
and  roses,  the  pulpit  itself  was  embowered  in  wreaths  and  festoons, 
while  directly  in  front  of  it  was  a  beautiful  arch  of  evergreens  taste- 
fully inlaid  with  white  roses,  its  center  sustaining  a  beautiful  imi- 
tation of  a  marriage  bell,  wrought  with  exquisite  floral  skill.  Pendants 
of  evergreens  connecting  the  arch  with  the  candelabra  completed 
the  ornamentation.  The  church  was  brilliantly  illuminated,  and  the 
mellowed  combination  of  the  twilight  stealing  in  the  painted  win- 
dows, and  the  brilliancy  emanating  from  sparkling  jets  of  gas,  im- 
parted to  the  scene  an  accessory  in  pleasing  accord  with  the  character 
of  the  ceremony. 

THE    SCENE    IN    THE    CHURCH 

Until  the  arrival  of  the  celebrants,  the  assemblage  engaged  in  the 
conversation  and  dialogue  which  the  occasion  was  most  calculated 
to  develop.  On  every  tongue  were  queries  as  to  who  were  the  grooms- 
men, who  the  bridesmaids,  what  was  the  bridal  trousseau,  and  what 
its  worth.  Young  misses  surmised  on  the  self-command  of  the  bride 
to" sustain  herself  in  such  an  ordeal;  conjectures  were  expressed  as 
to  whether  a  European  tour  would  be  chosen,  or  would  the  parties 
immediately  settle  down  into  the  routine  of  matrimonial  life?  These 
and  a  hundred  other  verbal  inquiries  were  the  stable  of  conversation, 
and  being  indulged  in  by  so  many  gave  to  the  interior  of  the  church 
characteristics  easily  separable  from  the  sacredness  of  the  sanctuary, 
but  irresistibly  associated  with  the  nature  of  the  ceremony  soon 
to  be  celebrated.  And  then  everyone  looked  so  happy  and  spoke 
in  such  dulcet  tones  that  the  volume  of  sound  was  robbed  of  its 
asperities  and  really  constituted  a  pleasing  prelude  to  the  wedding. 


CHE-CAU-GOU  [  107 

Charming  girls,  expectant  and  blushing,  stole  coyish  glances  at  their 
friends,  as  if  guilty  of  misdemeanor  in  being  present.  They  imagined 
that  their  presence  might  be  construed  into  a  desire  to  become 
conversant  with  the  details  of  an  event  which  was  inevitable. 
Others,  who  had  never  essayed  the  role  of  sweetheart,  thought  it 
looked  envious  to  appear  when  "Love's  young  dream"  to  them  was 
far  removed  from  realization.  They  all,  however,  affected  a  charm- 
ing insouciance,  and  gave  gaze  for  gaze  without  a  tremor.  The 
young  men  of  course  were  out  in  numbers;  to  them  the  event  was  a 
momentous  one,  and  the  most  imaginative  of  them  easily  traveled 
on  fancy's  wings  to  the  hour  when  he  should  lead  a  gentle  lassie  to 
the  altar.  It  was  likewise  an  occasion  replete  with  incentives  to  love; 
a  sidelong  glance,  a  soft,  persuasive  tone,  a  gentle  pressure  of  the 
hand  during  the  ceremony,  and  wavering  affections  were  enchained. 
Weddings  like  that  of  last  evening  save  many  a  verbal  hesitancy, 
inspire  more  fond  affection,  and  are  more  effective  agencies  in  wooing 
than  all  the  potions  of  the  east  or  the  dicta  of  a  hundred  writers  on 
the  art  of  fascination. 

ENTRANCE    OF    THE    WEDDING    PARTY 

The  intonations  of  the  court-house  belfry  had  scarcely  ceased  to 
toll  the  "knell  of  parting  day"  when  the  hum  of  conversation 
suddenly  ceased  as  the  groom  and  bride,  followed  by  their  compan- 
ions, entered  the  church.  Then  all  eyes  were  turned  upon  them,  the 
organ  poured  forth  its  volume  of  harmony,  and  they  ranged  them- 
selves around  the  altar. 

THE    BRIDESMAIDS 

The  bridesmaids  were  Miss  Carrie  Roberts,  of  New  York;  Miss 
Mary  Luddington,  of  Chicago;  Miss  Mary  De  Forest,  of  New  Haven; 
Miss  Edna  Valentine,  of  New  York;  and  Miss  Sophie  Foster,  of 
Chicago.  Seldom  has  a  wedding  in  Chicago  elicited  such  a  galaxy  of 
beauty,  such  a  representation  of  wealth  and  intelligence  of  the  east 
and  west.  Miss  Roberts  is  the  daughter  of  Marshall  O.  Roberts,  of 
New  York,  the  well-known  millionaire  steamboat  owner,  and  rival 
of  Commodore  Vanderbilt.  The  other  ladies,  like  her,  are  from  the 
best  families  of  their  respective  cities. 

THE    TOILETTES 

The  toilettes  of  the  bride  and  bridesmaids  were  of  course  the 
attraction  to  the  many  ladies  present.  Miss  Buckingham's  dress  was 
of  white  satin,  with  train  a  la  Imperatrice  and  point-lace  flounces. 
Her  hair  was  tastefully  adorned  with  orange  flowers,  and  a  coronet 
of  gems  and  flowers  wreathed  her  brow,  from  which  suspended  a 


108  ]  CHE-CAU-GOU 

cloud  of  illusion  enveloping  the  whole  figure.  She  looked  charming, 
and  as  she  stood  before  the  altar  her  attitude  and  expression  were  the 
embodiment  of  naivete  and  beauty. 

The  bridesmaids  were  dressed  in  white  silk  and  tarlatan,  with 
satin  trimmings  and  long  trains.  Their  hair  was  ornamented  with 
diamonds  and  wreaths  of  flowers,  over  which  were  exquisite  veils  of 
point-lace.  They  presented  a  bevy  of  beauties,  and  provoked 
general  admiration  by  their  appearance  and  exquisite  taste  in  dress 
and  ornament. 

THE    CEREMONY 

The  ceremony  was  performed  by  the  Rev.  Z.  M.  Humphrey, 
pastor  of  the  church.  In  its  brief  simplicity  there  was  impressiveness, 
and  during  its  progress  silence  almost  oppressive  prevailed.  The 
questions  and  responses  could  be  plainly  heard,  and,  until  the  final 
vows  were  exchanged  and  the  benediction  uttered  by  the  clergyman, 
the  silence  continued.  The  immediate  friends  and  relations  of  the 
parties  were  present,  and  were  seated  in  proximity  to  the  altar.  The 
bride  was  accompanied  by  her  mother  and  only  sister,  and  by  her 
grandfather,  J.  S.  Potwin,  Esq.,  a  venerable  old  gentleman,  who  gave 
her  away.  Peyton  R.  Chandler,  Esq.,  the  father  of  the  groom,  his 
mother,  and  other  relations,  were  seated  near  the  parties  during  the 
service. 

THE    BRIDAL    RECEPTION 

When  the  ceremony  was  concluded,  the  bridal  party  left  the 
church  and  proceeded  to  the  residence  of  the  bride's  mother,  Mrs. 
B.  H.  Buckingham,  No.  154  Rush  Street.  Here  the  happy  couple 
received  their  friends.  The  house  was  brilliantly  illuminated,  and  the 
capacious  parlors  were  profusely  decorated.  Festoons,  wreaths,  and 
pendants  of  evergreens  and  flowers  hung  from  the  ceiling,  ornamented 
the  walls,  adorned  the  chandeliers,  and  ornamented  the  mantels. 
At  the  western  end  of  the  room  was  an  evergreen  arch  surmounted 
by  the  monogram  "C  and  B"  and  ornamented  by  marriage  bells 
wrought  in  roses.  Beneath  this  the  bridal  reception  took  place,  the 
congratulations  and  exchanges  of  well-wishes  incident  to  such 
occasions  were  given.  The  youth  and  beauty  of  the  city  were  present, 
many  friends  and  companions  of  the  groom  and  bride,  and  of  course 
the  scene  was  one  of  splendor.  Vaas'  band  discoursed  the  choicest 
airs  from  an  ante-room,  the  air  was  filled  with  fragrance  and  har- 
mony, and  the  guests  in  their  delight  moved  from  room  to  room  and 
laughed  and  gossiped. 

The  toilettes  of  many  of  the  ladies  at  the  reception  were  es- 
pecially noticeable.  Among  those  who  attracted  particular  attention 
were  Miss  Jennie  Stewart,  Miss  Harris,  Miss  Cobb,  Miss  Guthrie, 


CHE-CAU-GOU  [109 

and  Miss  Owens  of  New  Orleans.  Among  the  married  ladies,  Mrs. 
Perry  H.  Smith,  Mrs.  Wm.  Sturges,  Mrs.  Nixon,  and  Mrs.  C.  M. 
Smith  were  the  recipients  of  approbative  glances  at  their  tasteful 
dress  and  ornaments. 

A    COLLATION 

A  collation  sumptuous  and  comprehensive  in  details,  was  spread 
during  the -reception,  in  the  dining  room,  and  there,  during  the 
evening,  wine  was  quaffed  in  bumpers,  and  the  health  of  the  newly- 
married  couple  repeatedly  toasted.  The  collation  was  elegant  in  its 
conception,  and,  as  an  accessory  to  the  wedding,  gave  general 
satisfaction. 

THE    BRIDAL    TOUR 

At  9  o'clock,  the  reception  terminated.  The  gentleman  and  the 
lady  having  engaged  passage  for  Europe  on  Saturday,  their  immediate 
passage  for  New  York  was  necessary.  The  directors'  car  of  the  Michi- 
gan Central  Railway  was  tendered  them,  and  at  9:20  last  evening, 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  Chandler  left  Chicago  for  a  six  months'  tour  of  the 
continent.  They  were  accompanied  by  a  large  party  of  friends. 

THE    BRIDAL    PRESENTS 

The  bridal  presents  were  numerous  and  valuable,  in  the  aggre- 
gate, being  worth  many  thousand  dollars.  At  the  reception  they  were 
arrayed  on  a  side  table,  and  attracted  much  attention,  mingled  with 
appreciative  comment.  The  following  were  among  the  most  notice- 
able: Bride's  mother,  silver  tureen  and  ladle;  bride's  grandparents, 
silver  pitcher  and  goblets;  children  of  the  late  Alvah  Buckingham, 
bronze  clock  and  vases,  silver  fruit  stand  and  one  dozen  silver 
knives.  Miss.  H.  of  New  York,  jeweled  perfume  box;  Mr.  and  Mrs. 
Van  A.,  silver  vases;  Mr.  and  Mrs.  W.  S.,  silver  vase;  Mr.  and  Mrs. 
J.  R.,  porcelain  card  receiver;  the  groom,  solitaire  diamond  ring; 
Mr.  P.  R.  Chandler,  pair  solitaire  diamond  eardrops.  The  above 
were  the  principal  presents,  but  there  were  many  others.  One  hundred 
and  fourteen  pieces  of  silver,  from  23  different  persons;  lace,  em- 
broideries, paintings,  and  enamels  were  noticeable  among  the  gifts. 
A  painting  entitled  the  "  Sybil"  by  the  artist,  Theodore  Pyne  of 
New  York,  and  presented  the  bride  by  him,  attracted  deserved 
attention. 

FINALE 

The  bridal  party  continued  after  the  departure  of  the  youthful 
couple,  and  the  Buckingham  mansion  echoed  with  the  laughter  of 
youth  and  maiden,  as  buoyant  heart  and  tripping  feet  abridged  the 
passage  of  time,  and  joined  in  celebrating  the  Chandler-Buckingham 
nuptial  festivities. 

(Copied  from  the  February  5th,  1868,  issue  of  the  Chicago 
Times.)  Original  copy  of  paper  in  safety  deposit  box  of  Bucking- 
ham  Chandler — May    1,    1924. 


CHAPTER  IX 

SOME    GLORIFICATION    OF    DEEDS    WELL    DONE 

THE  next  period  in  our  history  was  the  thirty  years  after  the 
Columbian  World's  Fair  of  1 893,  which  caused  much  overbuilding 
for  a  time,  but  the  reaction  was  of  short  duration  and  soon  greater 
progress  than  ever  took  place.  The  height  of  buildings  was  increased 
and  lofty  skyscrapers  were  built  in  the  loop  and  even  beyond.  The 
Blackstone,  the  Drake,  the  La  Salle,  and  the  New  Sherman,  and 
many  other  hotels  arose  like  magic. 

Michigan  Avenue  was  widened,  and  the  new  Boulevard  Link  and 
Bridge  opened.  The  Forest  Preserve  was  created  with  seventeen 
thousand  acres  devoted  to  health  and  recreation.  Lincoln  Park 
was  materially  enlarged  and  many  small  parks  dedicated  to  the 
public.  The  new  Edith  Rockefeller  Zoological  Gardens  were  estab- 
lished. There  were  new  railroad  terminals  and  increased  track 
elevation.  Indeed  this  period  was  a  proud  record  for  Chicago  and  the 
spirit  "I  Will"  still  continues.  Prophetic  in  vision  was  La  Salle,  when 
in  1682,  he  wrote  in  reference  to  what  is  now  Chicago :"This  will  be 
the  Gate  of  the  Empire;  this  the  seat  of  commerce.  The  typical  man 
who  will  grow  up  here  must  be  an  enterprising  man.  Each  day,  as 
he  rises,  he  will  exclaim,  T  act,  I  move,  I  push/  and  then  will  be 
spread  before  him  a  boundless  horizon,  an  illimitable  field  of  activity. 
A  limitless  expanse  of  plain  is  here — to  the  east  water,  and  all  other 
points,  land.  If  I  were  to  give  this  place  a  name,  I  would  derive  it 
from  the  nature  of  the  man  who  will  occupy  this  place— Ago,  I  act: 
circum,  all  round:  Circago."  La  Salle's  conception  of  the  virile  type 
of  manhood  which  has  made  its  name  known  all  over  the  earth,  the 
last  two  syllables,  "Ago,"  I  act,  fitting  perfectly  our  citv's  motto, 
"I  Will." 


PART  IV 

ANNO  DOMINI  2000 
CONTRASTS— PREDICTIONS 


CHAPTER  I 

THE   STORY  OF  THE   QUARTER  ACRE 


The  Evolution  of  Wild  Land  Into  the  Highest  Priced 
Corner  in  the  City  of  Chicago. 


Increase  of  Population,  and  Historical  Events 
Affecting  Values. 


I.    PERIOD    OF    THE    ABORIGINES 

A.  D. 

1492.  Discovery  of  America. 

1682.  La  Salle  proclaims  dominion  in  name  of  Louis  XIV. 

1765.  France  cedes  Chicago  to  England. 

1773.  William  Murray,  an  Englishman,  settled  at  Kaskaskia, 
Pioneer  of  Chicago  Real  Estate  Agents  forms  the  "Illinois 
Land  Company,"  claiming  a  tract  which  included  "Chi- 
cagou  or  Garlick  Creek,"  as  purchased  of  the  Indians. 
(Congress  in  1801  disallowed  the  claim). 

1778.  George  Rogers  Clark,  sent  by  Patrick  Henry,  Governor  of 
Virginia,  conquers  Illinois  from  the  British. 

1784.    Virginia  cedes  her  conquest  to  the  United  States. 

1787.    Territorial  government  under  the  United  States. 

1795.    T^aty  with  Indians,  securing  six  miles  square  at  mouth  of 

Chicago  River. 
1803.    First  Fort  Dearborn  and  actual  possession. 
181 2.    Massacre  at  Fort  Dearborn  and  dispossession. 
1 8 16.    Second  Fort  Dearborn  and  possession  recovered. 

1 82 1.  Second  treaty  with  Indians,  gaining  continuous  way  to  sea- 
board. 

1830.  Third  treaty  with  Indians,  giving  up  all  their  land  east  of 
the  Mississippi. 

1832.  "Black  Hawk  War." 

1833.  Final  treaty  with  Indians. 

1835.    Farewell  Indian  War  Dance  in  Chicago. 


II4] 


CHE-CAU-GOU 
II.    PERIOD    OF   THE    WHITE    MEN 


Popula- 

Annual 

Value 

Annual 

Date 

HISTORICAL 

tion 
of 

Increase 
Per 

of 
Quarter 

Increase 
Per 

Chicago 

Cent 

Acre 

Cent 

1830 

Chicago  up  to  this  date  a  garrison  and 

Indian  trading  post.  In  this  rear  its 

first  postoffice  is  established 

50. 

$     20 

1831 

First  bridee  across  the  Chicago  river. 

100 

100 

22 

10 

1832 

200 
350 

100 

75 

30 

50 

40 

1833 

67 

1834 

Last  Black  Bear  shot,   corner  Market 

and  Jackson  Streets         

2,000 

467 

200 

300 

1835 

First  Bank  opened       

3,265 

60 

5.000 

2400 

1836 

Illinois  Canal  is  commenced  and  garrison 

of  Fort  Dearborn  withdrawn     

3.820 

17 

25.000 

400 

1837 

Chicago  organized  as  a  City.  Financial 
Panic.    Second    payment    on    Canal 
Trustees'  last  year's  sales  all  in  default 

except  P.  F.  W.  Peck 

4.179 

10 

3,000 

—88 

1838 

4,000 

—4 

2.500 

—17 

1839 

4,200 

5 

2,000 

—20 

1840 

4,470 

6 

1,500 

—25 

1841 

First  Water  Works  built         

5,000 

12 

1,250 

—  17 

1842 

First  Propeller  launched.  State  of  Illinois 

in   default  on   its   interest  and  work 

recommenced  on  Illinois  Canal 

6,000 

20 

1,000 

—20 

1843 

Wheat  38  cents,  corn  18  cents,  in  Chi- 

cago market              

7,589 

25 

1,100 

10 

1844 

First  meat  packed  for  English  market    .  . 

8,000 

6 

1.200 

10 

1845 

First  Public  School  building  built 

12,088 

50 

5.000 

20 

1846 

14,169 

16 

15.000 

200 

1847 

First   permanent   theatre   opened,    and 
River  and  Harbor  Convention  meets 

in  Chicago 

16,859 

18 

12,000 

—20 

1848 

First  telegram  received,  Board  of  Trade 
established,   first  Municipal  building 

built  and  Illinois  Canal  opened 

20.023 

25 

13.000 

9 

1849 

First  Railroad  (Galena)  opened,  and  the 
great   flood    in    Chicago   river.    First 

Savings  Bank  started  (I.  H.  Burch) . .  . 

23,047 

15 

15,000 

15 

1850 

First  Philharmonic   Concert,   and   first 

Fire  Limits  established 

28,269 

22 

17,500 

17 

1851 

First  Grain  Elevator  built  (Fulton") 

34,000 

22 

20,000 

14 

1852 

First  railroad  from  the  East 

38,754 

14 

25,000 

25 

1853 

60,662 

65,872 

60 
9 

30,000 
35,000 

20 

1854 

Cholera 

17 

1855 

Illinois  Central  Railroad  Station  built, 

and  Fort  Dearborn  Disappears 

80,023 

23 

40,000 

14 

1856 

First  Suburban  Trains  (Hvde  Park),  and 

first  Iron  Bridge  (Rush  Street) 

84,113 

^ 

45,000 

12 

1857 

First  through   Railroad  to  New  York, 

and  first  big  fire  (Lake  Street) 

93,000 

11 

35,000 

—22 

1858 

Paid  Fire  Department  established 

91,000 

—2 

30,000 

—14 

1859 

First  Street  Railroad  (south  side) 

95,000 

4 

29,000 

—3 

1860 

*  109,000 

15 

28,000 

—3 

1861 

120,000 
138,000 
160,000 

10 
15 

16 

28,000 
32,000 
33,000 

— 

1862 

15 

1863 

First  Pullman  Palace  Car  runs 

3 

1864 

First  Public  Park  (Lincoln),  also  Union 

Stock  Yards  .  .        

169,353 
178,900 

6 
6 

36,000 
45,000 

13 

1865 

Clearing  House  established 

25 

1866 

200,418 

12 

57,600 

28 

C  H  K  -C  A  U-G  O  U 


Date 


1868 

1869 

1870 
1S71 


HISTORICAL 


is:: 

1873 
1874 


1875 

IS  76 
1877 
L878 
1879 

1880 
1881 
1882 

1883 
1884 

1885 

1886 

1887 
1888 
1889 
1890 


1891 
L892 
1893 

1894 
1 895 

1897 

1898 
1899 

1900 

1901 
1902 
1903 

1904 
1905 
1906 


First  Lake  Water  Tunnel 

First    Railroad.  Chicago  to  the  Pacific 

Coast. 

First  River  Tunnel  ( WashingtonJSl  reet  I. 

The  Great  Fire,  and  second  River  Tun- 
nel I  LaSalle  Street ).  Deep  cut  in  Canal 
finished  and  improved  sewerage,  and 

Canal  debt  all  paid.  First  building 
after  fire  erected  by  W.  I).  KLerfoot  & 
Co.,  a  live  type  of  the  Chicago  Real 
Estate  Agent 

Rebuilding  of  the  City 

The  Financial  Crisis 

The    "Little    Fire"   of   74.    South    and 

West   Park  systems  well  under  way 

of  1869) '. 


The  Great  Railroad  Riots 


Union  League  Club  organized 

Commencement  of  the  City  of  Pullman. 


Conviction  of  the  Anarchists.  Founda- 
tion of  the  Newberry  Library 


Foundation  of  the  John  Crerar  Library. 
Inception  of  the  World's  Columbian 
Fxposition 

New  Drainage  Canal  begun 

Culmination  of  the  World's  Fair  tri- 
umphant success 

The  Pullman  Strike 

The  burdens  of  Special  Assessments.  .  .  . 

Bryan's  Nomination  for  President 

Continual  despondency  among  Real  Es- 
tate Owners 

The  Spanish-American  War        

The  Philippine  War.  The  Anglo-Boer 
War  

Bryan's  second  Nomination  for  Presi- 
dent   

Assassination  of  President  Mckinlcv 

The  Anthracite  Coal  Strike 

The  Iroquois  Theatre  Fire,  and  Wall 
Street  depression 

The  Russo-Japanese  War  

Election  of  Dunne  as  Mayor    

Internal  dissensions  concerning  Traction 

settlement 


Popula- 
tion 
of 
Chicago 


220,000 

252,054 

272,043 
'298,977 


325,000 
367,396 

380,000 


395,408 

400,000 
407.661 
420.000 
436.731 
465.000 
"503,298 
530,000 
560,693 
590,000 
629,985 
700,000 

825,880 
850,000 
875,000 
900,000 


1,098,570 

1.200,000 
1,300.000 

1,400.000 
1 ,400,000 
1.450,000 
1,500,000 

1,550,000 
1 ,600,000 

1.650,000 

1,698,575 

1,750,000 
1,800,000 

1,850,000 

1,9(X),000 
1,960,000 

2,015,000 


Annua! 

Increase 

Per 

Cent 

10 

15 

8 
9 


22 

10 

9 


Value 

of 

Quarter 

Acre 

%  65,000 

80,000 

90,000 

120.000 


100,000 
125,000 

100,000 


95,000 

92,501 

90,000 

90,000 

95 ,00C 

119,000 

130,000 

145,000 

175.000 

2  3  8,  000 

250,000 

275,000 

325,000 
435,000 

600,000 
750.000 


900,000 
1,000,000 
1.000.000 

1,000.000 
900,000 
900,000 
900,000 

930.000 
973,000 

1.012,000 

1.052,000 
1,093,000 
1.157,000 

tl,  183,000 
1.500,000 
1,430,000 

1,575,000 


Annual 

Increase 

Per 

Cent 

12 

23 
12 
33 


17 
25 
20 


— 5 
—3 
—3 

5 
2  5 
10 
12 
21 
36 

5 
10 

18 
34 
38 


20 
11 


10 


4 

4 
4 

4 

10 
10 

10 


u6 


CHE-CAL'-GOU 


Popula- 

Annual 

Value 

Annual 

Date 

HISTORICAL 

tion 

Increase 

of 

Increase 

of 

Per 

Quarter 

Per 

Chicago 

Cent 

Acre 

Cent 

1907 

Following  a  severe  decline  and  panic  in 
Railroad  Stocks  on  March  14th,  came, 
on  April  4th,  the  election  of  the  first 
four-year  Mayor,  Fred  A.  Busse,  the 
overturn  of  the  Dunne  radical  admin- 
istration, and  the  settlement  of  the 
Traction  question.   October  22,   sus- 
pension of  the  Knickerbocker  Trust 
Company  in  New  York,  and  general 

$ 

panic  in  Wall  Street 

2,075,000 

3 

11.717,000 

9 

1908 

Taft  President  of  the  United  States .... 

1,924,060 

1,717,000 

1909 

The    Chicago    Plan    Commission    pre- 

sented and  adopted 

2,000.000 

4 

1.600,000 

—6 

1910 

*2, 189,520 

9 

1,600.000 



1911 

Carter  H.  Harrison,  Jr.,  elected  Mayor 

(four-year  term) 

2,200,000 

1 

1,625,000 

Wz 

1912 

Roosevelt     President     of     the     United 

States 

2.250,000 

2 

1.650,000 
1,675,000 

IK 

1913 

2,325,000 

3 

1914 

The    World    War    commenced.    Forest 

Preserve    District    Adopted.    Federal 

Reserve  Banking  System  inaugurated 

2.400,000 

3 

1,500,000 

—10 

1915 

Thompson  elected  Mayor         

2.457,526 

23^ 

1,500,000 
1,500,000 



1916 

Wilson  President  of  the  United  States.  . 

2,500.000 

— 

1917 

United  States  enters  World  War.  Feder- 
al Reserve  Bank  Xotes  in  circulation. 

3972,585.000 

2,550,000 

2 

1.500,000 



1918 

World  War  ends  on  Armistice  Day.  Fed- 

eral Reserve  Bank  Xotes  in  circulation 

32,555.215.000 

2,600,000 

2 

1.550,000 

3 

1919 

Re-election    of   Thompson    as    Mayor. 

Gold    coin    and    bullion    in    U.    S.. 

33,112,320.347 

2,650,000 

2 

1,500,000 

■} 

1920 

Boulevard  Link  Bridge  opened.  Hard- 

ing President  of  the  United  States  .... 

*2,701,70S 

2 

1,550,000 

3 

Prohibition  18th  Amendment  effective. 

Federal  Reserve  Bank  Xotes  in  cir- 

culation. 35.325.629.000.00     

2,750,000 

2 

1,600,000 

3 

1921 

This    vear's     cost    of    new    buildings. 

3124,028,010.00 

2,800,000 

2 

1,700,000 

6 

1922 

2,701,705 



1923 

Dever  elected  Mayor.  40th  Anniversary 

Chicago  Real  Estate  Board       

2.925,000 

8 

±1,840,392 

8 

1924 

3,000,000 

2H 

"2,000.000 

s% 

*U.  S.  Federal  Census.         fAssessors*  official  figures.         JBoard  of  Review. 

The  1906  estimate  by  the  Government  Census  Bureau  was  2,049,185  population;  the 
January  1,  1908,  estimate  of  Chicago  Bureau  of  Statistics  was  2,540,896;  Donnelley's 
City  Director}-  estimated  2,300,000  population. 


50' x  218' in  depth 
60' x  180' in  depth 


QUARTER  ACRE  EQUIVALENTS 

68' x  160'  in  depth 
70' x  155' in  depth 
72'  x  150'  in  depth 


87' x  125' in  depth 
100' x  109' in  depth 


In  the  8th  Biennial  Reportof  the  Bureau  of  Labor  Statistics  of  Illinois  on  the  sub- 
ject of  Taxation,  1894,  by  George  A.  Schilling,  Secy.,  will  be  found  on  pages  368-379  an  in- 
teresting account  of  this  "Story  of  the  Quarter  Acre." 

F.  R.  Chandler. 


CHAPTER  II 

SOME  MODEST  EXPECTATIONS  AS  TO   FUTURE   EXPANSION 

AFTER  Columbus  discovered  America  and  colonization  set  in, 
and  the  Indians  driven  out,  a  new  discoverer  or  adventurer 
turned  up  in  the  person  of  Captain  George  Wellington  Streeter,  who 


Capt.  George  Wellington  Streeter 


while  cruising  about  Lake  Michigan  was  stranded  in  a  storm  and  his 
ramschackle  boat  was  cast  on  the  sands  of  the  lake  front,  in  (the 
vicinity  of  Chicago  Avenue.  He  flung  out  the  red  flag  of  the  mythical 


I  I  8  ]  CHE-CAU-GOU 

"Deestrict  of  Lake  Michigan"  and  thereupon  issued  a  proclamation 
claiming  all  the  land,  made  since  the  glacial  epoch,  in  the  range  of 
his  spyglass,  which  land  extended  some  two  miles,  from  the  river 
to  North  Avenue,  and  in  loud  stentorian  tones  called  it  Streeterville! 

He  propped  up  his  damaged  boat,  called  it  his  castle,  and  defied 
the  peaceable  people  thereabout  and  told  them  to  ''Keep  off  the 
grass!"  He  recorded  a  bogus  patent,  and  made  a  subdivision  into 
lots  and  offered  them  for  sale  at  extremely  low  acre  prices.  A  few 
credulous  persons  bought,  but  when  they  attempted  to  take  pos- 
session soon  discovered  they  were  trespassing  under  the  law  of 
Riparian  Rights,  that  all  accretions  belonged  to  the  land  adjoining 
and  not  to  the  squatter  sovereign,  Streeter,  or  his  assigns.  Riots  oc- 
curred, one  man,  a  police  guard,  was  shot,  and  not  until  several 
years  of  legal  controversy  was  Streeter  driven  off. 

He  was  accompanied  on  his  land-stealing  voyage  and  adventure 
by  his  faithful  wife,  Maria.  So  literally  it  can  be  said  in  the  fracas 
that  it  was  "Hell  an'  Maria,"  and  now  "Streeterville"  and  the 
"Deestrict"  are  episodes  of  the  past  and  Chicago  holds  as  ever 
victorious. 

After  Captain  Streeter's  modest  efforts  for  expansion  came  to 
nought  there  was  a  decided  reaction.  The  Association  of  Commerce, 
with  its  five  thousand  members,  a  most  conservative  and  law-abiding 
body  of  virile  men  of  vision,  took  hold  and  recently  issued  a  procedure 
and  the  detail  is  herewith  presented  for  Chicago  betterment: 

South  Shore  boulevard  linking  Grant  and  Jackson 
Parks,  including  Grand  boulevard  plaza,  bridges 
between  the  outer  and  inner  drives  and  $12,000,- 

000  for  general  park  improvements $  55,000,000 

South  Park  avenue  widening 2,000,000 

Indiana  avenue  widening 1,500,000 

Prairie  avenue  widening 1,500,000 

Twenty-second  street  widening 3,000,000 

Twenty-second  street  viaduct  across  I.  C.  right  of  way  i,ooo,cco 

South  Water  street  improvement 24,000,000 

Robey  street  improvement 18,000,000 

Ogden  avenue  project 13,000,000 

Ashland  avenue  project 25,000,000 

Western  avenue  project 17,000,000 

Chicago  river  straightening,  with  viaducts  and  ramps  20,000,000 

Rearrangement  of  railroad  freight  facilities 23,000,000 

Roosevelt  road  viaduct  and  widening 6,882,000 

Polk,  Taylor,  Clinton,  Jefferson  and  Desplaines  street 

projects 4,180,000 

McCormick  road 1 ,000,000 


CHE-CAU-GOU  [ll9 

Street  openings,  paving  and  ordinary  road-building.  .  .$  38,000,000 

Extension  of  street  lighting  system 1,550,000 

Three  new  bridges  to  be  built  by  the  city 5,400,000 

Four  new  bridges  to  be  built  by  the  Sanitary  District .  .  5,850,000 
Sewer  system   extensions,   new   sidewalks   and   water 

works  extensions 34,000,000 

Sewage  treatment  works 120,000,000 

Fine  Arts  Building  restoration  and  reconstruction  ....  5,000,000 

Shedd  aquarium  in  Grant  Park 2,000,000 

Municipal  stadium 2,500,000 

Track  elevation 95,000,000 

New  bathing  beaches,  park  and  playground  extensions  6,oco,cco 

New  produce  market 10,000,000 

Forest  Preserve  extensions 6,200,000 

Police  building 1,500,000 

Lake  Calumet  harbor 3,500,000 

Illinois  Central  station  and  electrification 88,oco,cco 

Union   station,  including  viaducts   and   Canal   street 

widening 75,000,000 

Elevated  railway  extensions 23,000,000 

Surface  line  extensions 6,coo,cco 

Northwestern  University  downtown  campus  develop- 
ment    1 6,00,0000 

University  of  Chicago  building  program 15,000,000 

New  School  buildings,  two  years i6,cco,coo 

New  Wesley  Hospital  and  St.  Luke's  annex 22,750,000 

State  Street  retail  store  expansion 30,000,000 

New  Wieboldt  department  store 4,000,000 

Commonwealth  Edison  extensions 30,000,000 

People's  Gas  extensions 2,000,000 

Telephone    company    extensions    and   improvements, 

three  years 41,250,000 

Addition  to  Ford  assembling  plant 4,000,000 

Fourteen  new  clubhouses 46,500,000 

Western  Electric  rod  mill  and  other  extensions 5,000,000 

Other    industrial    extensions    and    new    projects    an- 
nounced since  January  1 14,525,000 

Straus  building 14,000,000 

Tribune  tower 7,oco,cco 

New  Masonic  Temp.e 5,oco,cco 

American  Furniture  Mart io,oco,cco 

Illinois-Merchants  banks 9,000,000 

Stevens  Hotel 22,cco,cco 

Palmer  House 20,000,000 

Sherman  annex 7,000,000 


1 20  ]  CHE-CAU-GOU 

Morrison  annex $  8,000,000 

Congress  Hotel 22,000,000 

Jewelers'  building 10,000,000 

Elks'   memorial 3,000,000 

New  Bismarck  hotel 21,000,000 

New  Auditorium  hotel  and  theater 15,000,000 

Nine  new  Y.  M.  C.  A.  buildings 9,000,000 

New  Moody  temple 1 ,000,000 

All  other  building  this  year 200,000,000 


Still  Further  Projects 

Commerce's  additional  list  gives  these  projects  now  in  a  pre- 
liminary stage: 

Pershing  road  improvement $       3,000,000 

New  east  and  west  boulevard,  probably  Ohio  street . .  5,000,000 

La  Salle  street  widening 15,300,000 

Avondale    avenue   second-story   roadway    paralleling 

Milwaukee  avenue 5,000,000 

Extension  of  west  side  medical,  hospital  and  institu- 
tional group 7,000,000 

Proposed  harbor  drive  connecting  Grant  and  Lincoln 

parks 3,ooo,cco 

Ten-story  development   of  "air  rights"  over  freight 

houses 95,000,000 

New  jail  and  county  temple  project 63,000,000 

Chicago  zoological  gardens 2,000,000 

Illiana  harbor 350,000,000 

New  York  Central  station 100,000,000 

Dearborn  station 55,000,000 

Subway,  first  period  of  construction 217,800,000 

Purchase  by  city  of  surface  lines 162,000,000 

Purchase  by  city  of  elevated  lines 86,000,000 

Board  of  Education  office  building 6,000,000 

New  postoffice io,ooo,oco 

Proposed  federal  building  on  site  of  present  postoffice .  1 5,000,000 
Roofing  of  I.   C.  railroad  for  hotel  and  commercial 

development 100,000,0000 

Proposed  Machinery  arcade 5,000,00 


ran 


d  Total $2,679,687,000 


The  editor  of  Ganinwari's  original  manuscript  has   taken   the 
liberty  to  discount  $179,687,000  from  above  figures  to  guard  against 


CHE-CAU-GOU  [  I  2 1 

over  optimism,  leaving  a  total  for  this  net  budget  for  the  grandeur 
and  glorification  of  the  Greater  Chicago,  Two  Billion  Five  Hundred 
Million  Dollars!  This  stupendous  expenditure  will  be  quite  attain- 
able, if  the  State  of  Illinois'  bonding  power  is  not  snatched  from  the 
close,  hard-fisted  taxpayers,  who  often  grumble  even  when  lightly 
hit  in  the  solar  plexus.  Micawber  may  have  had  the  right  idea  of 
paying  debts,  by  giving  new  I.  O.  U.'s  for  old  ones,  and  taxpayers 
are  easily  cheered  by  the  Jay  Cooke's  financiers  that  "a  public  debt 
is  a  public  blessing/' 


CHAPTER  III 

THE    TEN    MILLION    CLUB 

TT  seems,  then,  quite  in  order  to  set  Chicago's  standard  of  popula- 
-*-  tion  at  a  higher  notch  than  the  present  three  million.  Based  on 
the  well  established  facts  of  the  "Story  of  the  Quarter  Acre,"  hith- 
erto shown,  a  Ten  Million  Club  is  well  in  the  range  of  probability, 
long  before  the  end  of  the  Twentieth  Century.  Hitherto  predictions 
on  this  score  have  never  been  optimistic  enough. 

Onkwe  Ganinwari,  Sachem  of  the  Pottawatomi,  outlines  this 
prospectus  for  a  "Ten  Million  Club"  as  a  stimulus  to  the  future 
development  and  grandeur  of  the  Greater  Chicago.  It  will  be  unique 
in  this,  that  it  is  self-winding  and  starting  with  a  membership  ot 
three  million,  as  the  present  population,  it  will  increase  automat- 
ically, as  each  citizen  arrives  at  the  voting  age  until  the  whole 
total  reaches  ten  million  people,  when  it  will  be  organized  from 
one  thousand  arrondissements,  having  an  Imperial  Wizard  (a  Presi- 
dent) at  its  head,  and  one  thousand  auxiliary  King  Kleagles  (Vice- 
Presidents).  No  masks  at  any  time  may  be  worn,  but  Sachem  caps 
for  men,  and  beaded  amulets  for  women. 

As  the  clock  dial  in  the  Lord  Mayor's  office  registers  10,000,000, 
a  proclamation  will  be  issued,  broadcasting  by  radio  the  joyful 
news;  a  thousand  guns  will  be  fired;  a  thousand  bands  rend  the  air; 
military  parades,  citizens'  processions,  fireworks,  orations  and 
dances;  a  hundred  thousand  "red,  white  and  blue"  banners  flung  to 
the  breeze;  a  ten  days'  festival  and  jollification,  and  the  famous 
slogan   yell  Chi — Chi — -Chi Ca — Ca — Ca Go — Go — Go 

CHICAGO!!! 


CHAPTER  IV 

THE  SAUGANASH  TAVERN  AND  THE 
NEW  PALMER  CARAVANSARY 

MARK  BEAUBIEN,  born  in  1800  at  Detroit,  the  father  of  sixteen 
children,  came  to  Chicago  in  1826.  No  road,  only  an  Indian 
trail;  camped  outdoors,  bought  a  log  house  from  Jim  Kinzie   and 


The  Sauganash  Tavern  1826 


opened  it  as  a  tavern.  He  built  alongside  of  it  a  pretentious  white 
two-storv  frame  building  with  bright  blue  wooden  shutters,  the 
admiration  of  all  the  little  circle  at  Wolf  Point  at  the  fork  of  the 
river  which  is  now  known  as  corner  of  Lake  and  Market  Streets. 
This  was  the  famed  Sauganash  Tavern,  named  after  "Billy  Cald- 
well," an  Indian.  Mark  was  a  jolly  host,  and  for  those  days  a 
skilled  performer  on  the  fiddle.  This  noted  tavern  was  destroyed 
by  rire  on  March  3,  1851. 


I24] 


CHE-CAU-GOU 


The  Grand  Palmer  Caravansary 


CHE-CAU-GOU 


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FUTURE    GRAND    MUNICIPAL    PALACE    FOR    CHICAGO 

An  architect's  dream  of  a  building  to  house  all  of  the  governmental  de- 
partments of  a  future  Greater  Chicago.  The  plan  consists  of  fourgreat 
buildings,  each  occupying  a  city  block  and  surmounted  by  a  fifth. 
The  two  streets  intersect  the  group  of  buildings  and  pass  through 
the  central  building  in  both  directions.  One  building  is  assigned  to 
City  executive  offices,  one  to  County  offices,  one  to  State  offices 
and  departments,  one  to  the  Police  and  Courts,  and  these  four 
crowned  by  the  Education  building.  The  author  is  Mr.  Hugh 
M.  G.  Garden  of  the  firm  of  Schmidt,  Garden  &  Martin,  Architects. 


CHAPTER  V 

THE  SALOON  BUILDING  AND  THE  ILLINOIS  MERCHANTS 
BANK   BUILDING 

THIS  structure  stood  on  the  southeast  corner  of  Lake  and  Clark 
Streets,  and  was  erected  in  1836.  It  was  the  first  office  building, 
and  used  in  connection  as  a  "City  Hall"  and  at  that  time  was  not 


The  Saloon  Building  1836 


eclipsed  by  anything  of  the  kind  in  theWest.  Its  use  was  synonymous 
with  the  French  Salon  which  literallymeant  a  grand  and  spacioushall. 
And  it  was  thus  used,  being  located  on  the  third  floor  of  the  build- 
ing. When  first  completed  it  was  considered  the  largest  and  most 
beautiful  hall  west  of  Buffalo. 


CHE-CAU-GOU 


I27 


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ram  ?!?twtii«m 


flfe 


mm 

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Bl    « 


ni*  •i&Uf.-i.  1   th  ~#»* 


Illinois  Merchants  Bank  Building.  1924 


CHAPTER  VI 

THE  WIGWAM  AND  THE  JACKSON   PARK  ART  PALACE  AND 
CONVENTION  HALL 

This  is  the  historic  building  erected  on  Market  Street  by  the 
Republican  Convention  that  nominated  Abraham  Lincoln  for  Presi- 
dent in  i860. 


The  Republican  Wigwam  1860 


CHE-C  \  \    -  (,  o  \ 


[  129 


CHAPTER  VII 

THE  LITTLE  RED  SCHOOLHOUSE  AND  THE 
CHICAGO  HIGH  SCHOOL,   1 856 

IN  THE  fall  of  1836,  the  school  trustees  voted  a  tax  of  $5,000  to 
build  a  school  house  in  District  1,  comprising  what  was  afterwards 
that  portion  of  the  First  Ward,  east  of  Clark  Street.  At  that  time 
building  materials  and  labor  were  extremely  high  and  scarce,  and 
it  was  thought  by  the  trustees  that  it  would  be  much  cheaper  and 
quicker  to  secure,  to  put  up  a  temporary  building,  so  they  were 
authorized  to  borrow  $200  for  that  purpose,  and  employ  a  teacher 
at  $400  per  annum.  For  several  years  it  was  thus  occupied  for  school 
purposes,  until,  as  it  was  so  old,  small  and  dilapidated,  it  was  sold 
by  the  trustees  for  the  sum  of  $40.  Thus  began  and  ended  the  first 
public  school  of  the  Board  of  Education  of  the  City  of  Chicago. 
It  was  a  two-story  frame  structure,  the  upper  story  for  school,  the 
lower  for  church  purposes,  and  cost  about  nine  hundred  dollars, 
originally. 


CHE-CAU-GOU 


*3X 


The  "Little  Red  School  House"  1833 


I  lift    W' 

*4..  "Still.  :   •■}  y-gR'S' 


The  Chicago  High  School  1856 


CHAPTER  VIII 

THE   FIRST  COURT  HOUSE  AND  THE 
COOK  COUNTY  BUILDING,   I907 

THE  First  Municipal  Structure,  the  Market  Building,  was  erected 
in  1848.  The  building  was  situated  in  the  center  of  State  Street, 
fronting  forty  feet  on  Randolph  and  running  north  toward  Lake 
Street  one  hundred  and  eighty  feet.  It  was  built  of  brick  and 
stone,  two  stories  in  height.  The  entire  cost  was  $11,070. 


^•-■f"-;3fe^ 


The  First  Court  House  1835 


During  the  fall  of  the  year  1835,  a  one-story  and  basement 
brick  courthouse  was  erected  on  the  northeast  corner  of  the  square 
on  Clark  and  Randolph  Streets;  the  county  offices  were  in  the  lower 
story,  the  courtroom  which  was  above  being  one  oblong  room. 
Seating  capacity  two  hundred. 


C  H  E  -C  \  r  -  (,  o  U 


33 


- 


J34 


CHE-CAU-GOU 


THE  PRESS  TOWER  —  A  DREAM  OF  THE  FUTURE 

An  office  building  of  100  stories.  Designed  by  Mr.  Hugh  M.  G.  Garden  of  Schmidt, 
Garden  &  Martin,  Architects.  For  comparison  the  Methodist  Temple,  556  feet  high,  is 
shown  to  the  left  and  the  Tribune  Tower,  456  feet  high,  to  the  right.  Between  the  latter 
and  the  Press  Tower  is  shown  a  future  Tribune  Tower  of  760  feet,  which  under  existing 
ordinances  is  possible.  The  Press  Tower  is  shown  with  a  height  of  1360  feet  —  the 
highest  structure  in  the  world. 


CHAPTER  IX 

TRANSPORTATION,    DOUBLE    DECKER    SIDEWALKS,  AVIATION 
AND    RADIOACTION 

HORSES  and  mules  are  almost  becoming  extinct  species.  Possibly 
in  Chicago  at  the  present  time  one  in  a  thousand  are  horse-drawn 
vehicles.  The  business  streets  are  so  congested  with  traffic  that  the 
surface  lines  of  street  cars  in  the  loop  district  must  be  put  under- 
ground in  subways.  Double-decker  sidewalks  are  inevitable  and  even 
three-decker  ones  may  be  advisable. 


J36 


CHE-CAU-GOU 


Postscript  to  the  Author's  Apology 
Some  Present  Types  of  Modern  Evolution  (Chandlaria  Chicagoana) 


CHAPTER  X 

THE    GREATER    CHICAGO 

TNDULGENT  reader,  you  have  reached  the  final  stages  of  the 
-^  story;  you  have  seen  the  little  beginnings  from  early  Indian  days; 
the  contrasts  therefrom  and  some  few  predictions,  illustrating  what 
may  be  coming  in  the  further  evolution  of  the  magnificent  city. 
Indeed  it  is  a  romance,  founded  on  such  indisputable  facts  that 
cannot  be  gainsaid. 

The  practical  solution  is  shown  in  the  accompanying  map,  exhib- 
iting the  proposed  Greater  Chicago,  extending  northward  to  the 
City  of  Evanston  and  Niles  Center,  eastward  to  the  State  of  Indiana, 
southward  to  the  Cook  County  line,  and  westward  taking  in  the 
Des  Plaines  River  and  Forest  Preserve  sections,  an  area  of  some 
forty  miles  in  length  and  twenty  miles  in  width,  approximately 
eight  hundred  square  miles,  or  some  five  hundred  thousand  acres  on 
the  shores  of  Lake  Michigan.  Kind  reader,  adieu,  may  the  souls  of 
the  Pottawatomi  rest  in  peace. 


THE  END 


INDEX 


Part  Chapter 

Adam  and  Eve I  8 

Apes I  7 

AssociationofCommerce.lv  2 

Aviation 9 

Arnold,  Isaac  N Ill  6 

Bibliography Ill  6 

Bonney,  Charles  C Ill  6 

Bowen,  James  H Ill  6 

Che-cau-gou Ill  1 

Chicago  Nomenclature.  .  .Ill  1 

Courthouse,  1835 IV  8 

Columbus II  1 

Convention  of  Simians  ..  .1  8 

Creation I  1 

Deeds  well  done Ill  9 

Discovery  of  America.  .  .    II  1 

Egan,  William  C Ill  6 

Evolution I  6 

Eugenics I  8 

Expulsion  from  Eden  ....  I  10 

Field,  Marshall Ill  6 

Garden  of  Eden I  5 

God  is  a  Spirit I  4 

Gorillas I  7 

Grand  Municipal  Building  IV  8 

k Green,  Hetty  (Scenario) .  .  Ill  7 

Greater  Chicago IV  10 

Harrison,  Carter  H Ill  6 

Harrison,  Carter  H.  2d..    Ill  6 

Honore,  Henry  H Ill  6 

Hutchinson,  Charles  L.  .  .Ill  6 


Part  Chapter 

Indians II  2 

Indian  Citizenship II  5 

Indians'  Religion II  .3 

Indian  Wars II  4 

Jens  Jensen Ill  6 

lackson  Park  Convention 

Hall IV  6 

Kerfoot,  Wm.  D Ill  6 

Kohlsaat,  Herman  H  ....  Ill  6 

Last  of  the  Mohicans.  ...  II  4 

Lewis,  J.  Hamilton Ill  6 

Leiter,  Joseph Ill  6 

Little  Red  Schoolhouse   ..IV  7 

Medill,  Joseph Ill  6 

Migration  of  the  Races. .  .  I  10 

Missing  Link I  8 

Monkeys I  7 

Ogden,  Wm.  B Ill  6 

Palmer  Caravansary IV  4 

Pioneers  of  the  1830's  .  .  .  .Ill  6 

Pocahontas II  2 

Press  Tower IV  5 

Protoplasms I  6 

Radioaction IV  9 

Religion  and  Science I  9 

Saloon  Building  1836  .  .  .  .  IV  5 

Sauganash  Tavern IV  4 

Scammon,  J.  Young Ill  6 

Science  and  Religion  ....  I  9 

Selfridge,  Harry  Gordon..  Ill  6 

Senior  High  School IV  8 


INDEX— Continued 


Part  Chapter 

Sidewalks, Double  Decked  IV  9 

StoryoftheQuarterAcre.IV  1 

Streeter,  Capt.  J.  W IV  2 

Sturges,  William Ill  6 

Ten  Million  Club IV  3 

Thompson,  Wm.  Hale.  .  .Ill  6 

Transportation IV  9 


Part  Chapter 

Universe,  The I  2 

Walker,  Sam.  J.    .......Ill  6 

Wau-kee-nah II  2 

Wedding,  Chandler- 
Buckingham  Ill  8 

Wentworth/'Long  John"  .III  6 

W7igwam  of  i860 IV  6 

Women's  Clubs Ill  6 


mffizsm 


UNIVERSITY  OF  ILLINOIS-URBANA 
917.731C36C  C002 

CHE-CAU-GOU,  A  HISTORY  CHGO 


3  0112  025338648 


